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Electrical synapse

Type of synapse that uses gap junctions to allow ions to move directly between cells.

Ca²⁺

Ion whose gated channels open in response to an action potential at a chemical synapse.

Vesicles release neurotransmitters

What happens in the axon terminal when calcium ions enter?

Spatial summation

What occurs when multiple pre-synaptic neurons signal one post-synaptic neuron at the same time?

Temporal summation

What occurs when one pre-synaptic neuron fires rapidly?

Large depolarization

What happens if all signals received by a neuron are excitatory?

Hyperpolarization

What occurs if most signals received by the neuron are inhibitory?

Opening Na⁺ or closing K⁺ channels

What ions are involved in generating an excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)?

Opening K⁺ or Cl⁻ channels

What ions are involved in generating an inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)?

Cerebrospinal fluid flow order

What is the order of flow for cerebrospinal fluid from production to reabsorption?

Schwann cells

Which glial cell forms the myelin sheath in the PNS?

Microglial cells

Which glial cells act as macrophages in the CNS?

Astrocytes

Which glial cells form the blood-brain barrier and support neurons?

Ependymal cells

Which glial cells produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

Arachnoid mater

Which meninges layer has a spider-web appearance?

Dura mater

Which meninges layer contains large venous sinuses and forms brain partitions?

Pia mater

Which meninges layer contains nourishing capillaries and clings to the brain/spinal cord?

Arachnoid mater (subarachnoid space)

Which meninges layer has a space that holds cerebrospinal fluid?

Cerebral cortex

What is the exterior layer of gray matter in the cerebrum called?

Basal nuclei

What interior gray matter regulates involuntary skeletal movements?

Fornix

What connects the cerebrum and diencephalon?

Hippocampus

Which limbic structure is responsible for short-term memory formation?

Temporal lobe

Which lobe processes sound and smell?

Occipital lobe

Which lobe processes vision?

Insula

Which lobe processes taste?

Frontal lobe

Which lobe controls voluntary skeletal muscle movement?

Parietal lobe

Which lobe processes touch?

Resting membrane potential

What is the voltage inside an unstimulated neuron (around -70mV)?

Depolarization

What is the increase in positive charge within a neuron called?

Threshold

What is the minimum depolarization needed to trigger an action potential?

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)

What causes hyperpolarization of a post-synaptic neuron?

Action potential

Which type occurs on the axon and has the same size voltage change each time?

Graded potential

Which type occurs on dendrites/cell body and varies with stimulus strength?

Graded potential

Which type can be positive or negative?

Action potential

Which type does not decrease over distance?

Action potential

Which type always produces a positive voltage change?

Choroid plexus

What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid?

Ependymal cells

What type of cell covers choroid plexus capillaries and secretes CSF?

Lateral ventricle location

Where is the lateral ventricle located?

Third ventricle

What ventricle is in the diencephalon?

Cerebral aqueduct

What channel in the midbrain allows CSF flow?

Fourth ventricle

What ventricle lies between the pons and cerebellum?

Central canal

What canal carries CSF through the spinal cord?