Adrenal Gland Part 2

What is the major mineralocorticoid hormone?

Aldosterone.

What is the primary action of aldosterone on the kidneys?

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion.

What effect does aldosterone have on blood volume?

Increases blood volume through sodium and water retention.

What effect does aldosterone have on blood pressure?

Increases blood pressure.

What are the three major regulators of aldosterone secretion?

Circadian rhythm, RAAS, and Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP).

What does RAAS stand for?

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System.

What is the primary regulator of aldosterone secretion?

The concentration of renin in the blood.

Which cells produce renin?

Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells.

What structure monitors blood pressure in the kidney?

Juxtaglomerular cells.

What structure monitors sodium concentration in the kidney?

Macula densa.

What organ produces angiotensinogen?

The liver.

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal cortex in RAAS?

Aldosterone.

What stimulates renin release?

Decreased blood pressure or decreased sodium delivery.

What is ANP?

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide.

Where is ANP produced?

Myocytes of the right atrium.

What is the effect of ANP on aldosterone secretion?

Inhibits aldosterone synthesis and release.

Which hormone opposes the action of aldosterone?

ANP.

What is hyperadrenocorticism?

Excessive production of adrenal cortical hormones.

What is another name for hyperadrenocorticism?

Cushing's Disease.

What is hypoadrenocorticism?

Deficient production of adrenal cortical hormones.

What is another name for hypoadrenocorticism?

Addison's Disease.

What are the three forms of Cushing's Disease?

Primary, secondary, and iatrogenic.

What is primary Cushing's Disease?

Hyperadrenocorticism caused by an adrenal lesion.

What is secondary Cushing's Disease?

Hyperadrenocorticism caused by excessive ACTH stimulation.

What is iatrogenic Cushing's Disease?

Hyperadrenocorticism caused by excessive glucocorticoid administration.

What is iatrogenic Addison's Disease?

Hypoadrenocorticism caused by abrupt withdrawal of glucocorticoid treatment.

Which adrenal region secretes catecholamines?

Adrenal medulla.

What are the major catecholamines?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine.

What type of hormones are catecholamines?

Tyrosine-derived amine hormones.

Which cells produce catecholamines?

Chromaffin cells.

What is the major secretory hormone of the adrenal medulla in dogs?

Epinephrine.

What is the major secretory hormone of the adrenal medulla in cattle?

Epinephrine.

What is the major secretory hormone of the adrenal medulla in pigs?

Epinephrine.

What is the major secretory hormone of the adrenal medulla in humans?

Epinephrine.

What is the major secretory hormone of the adrenal medulla in cats?

Norepinephrine.

What stimulates catecholamine release from chromaffin cells?

Acetylcholine released from sympathetic neurons.

Which division of the nervous system stimulates catecholamine release?

Sympathetic nervous system.

What is the overall function of catecholamines?

Prepare the body for fight-or-flight responses.

Which catecholamine generally predominates in most domestic animals?

Epinephrine.

What amino acid is the precursor of catecholamines?

Tyrosine.

Which adrenal region has a mesodermal origin?

Adrenal cortex.

Which adrenal region has a neural crest origin?

Adrenal medulla.

Which adrenal region contains corticocytes?

Adrenal cortex.

Which adrenal region contains chromaffin cells?

Adrenal medulla.

Which adrenal cortical zone is associated with mineralocorticoid production?

Zona glomerulosa.

Which adrenal cortical zone is associated with glucocorticoid production?

Zona fasciculata.

Which adrenal cortical zone is associated with androgen production?

Zona reticularis.

A hormone increases sodium retention and potassium excretion. What hormone is it?

Aldosterone.

A hormone is released during the fight-or-flight response and is produced by chromaffin cells. What hormone is it?

Epinephrine.

A patient develops excessive appetite due to elevated glucocorticoids. What term describes this condition?

Polyphagia.

A disease caused by excessive adrenal cortical hormones is called what?

Cushing's Disease.

A disease caused by deficient adrenal cortical hormones is called what?

Addison's Disease.

Atrial stretch causes release of a hormone that inhibits aldosterone secretion. What hormone is it?

ANP.

What is the overall function of the adrenal gland?

Regulation of metabolism, stress response, electrolyte balance, and cardiovascular homeostasis.