classical conditioning

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10 Terms

1
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Who was Ivan Pavlov?

A Russian physiologist who developed the theory of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.

2
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What is classical conditioning?

Learning through association. A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually leading the neutral stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.

3
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Describe the unconditional stimulus (UCS) in Pavlov's dog study.

The food (meat powder) presented to the dogs, which naturally produced salivation.

4
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Describe the unconditional response (UCR) in Pavlov's dog study.

Salivation in response to the presentation of food (meat powder).

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Describe the neutral stimulus (NS) in Pavlov's dog study.

The bell (or metronome) that initially produced no specific response related to feeding.

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How did Pavlov condition his dogs?

He repeatedly paired the neutral stimulus (bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (food).

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Describe the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Pavlov's dog study.

After repeated pairings, the bell became the conditioned stimulus, as it now elicited salivation on its own.

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Describe the conditioned response (CR) in Pavlov's dog study.

Salivation in response to the sound of the bell alone.

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What key processes are involved in classical conditioning?

  1. Acquisition: The period during which an organism learns to associate the NS with the UCS.
  2. Extinction: The weakening and disappearance of a learned conditioned response when the CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
  3. Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest without further conditioning.
  4. Generalization: The tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit the CR.
  5. Discrimination: The ability to distinguish between the CS and other similar stimuli, responding only to the CS.
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What are the real-world applications of classical conditioning?

  • Therapies for phobias: e.g., systematic desensitization.
  • Aversion therapy: to treat addictions.
  • Advertising: associating products with positive feelings or images.