HIS 201 Final

Manifest Destiny

1840-1860 American belief that the US is destined to expand westward

mountain men

Rocky Mountain fur traders and hunters

rendezvous

transportable places to buy and sell fur which also included saloons, restaurants, and clothing tents

Oregon Trail

American pioneers emigrating west on a 2,000 mile trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman

Presbyterian missionary couple who tried to teach Indians religion, but were later killed by them

Mormon Trail

Brigham Young led Mormons to Utah and many were persecuted

Texas Revolution

Texians rebelled against their settler rules and took Texas from the territory president, Santa Anna

Stephen Austin

Texian leader of the rebellion along with Sam Houston

What were the settlers in Texas required to do to receive land?

they could not have slaves, had to convert to Catholicism, and had to obey Mexican laws

Sam Houston

Texian leader of the rebellion along with Stephen Austin

Battle of the Alamo

Mexicans recaptured the fort from the Texians on March 6, 1836

Davy Crockett

Texian fighter who died along with 200 other Texians at the Alamo

Goliad

Texian defeat on March 27, 1836 - over 300 Texians were killed

Battle of San Jacinto

first Texian victory of the revolution

Annexation of Texas

1845 by John Tyler after years of being the Republic of Texas

James K. Polk

Manifest Destiny president and starter of the Bear Flag Revolt

Bear Flag Revolt

American settlers in California who rebelled against the Mexican government and proclaimed California as an independent republic in July 1846

Mexican American War

a fight over the annexation of Texas and ended with it - American expansion

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago

Mexico ceded 55% of territory in trade for $15 million for war-related damage in Mexico

54’40’ or Fight!

slogan meaning the Northern Oregon latitude line and slogan that led Polk to victory over the odds

Gold Rush

gold found in California by James W Marshall at Sutter’s Mill

49ers

gold miners in California

North

industrial, urbanization, abolitionist movement

South

agricultural, slavery, backcountry frontier

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe depicting the South in a very harsh, negative way because of slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act

stated that popular sovereignty is effective for each state to decide to be either a free or slave state

Stephen Douglas

proposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act

popular sovereignty

government based on the peoples’ consent and votes

Bleeding Kansas

bloody debate over Kansas being a free or slave state

John Brown

said that God instructed him to kill pro-slavers. Organized a slave riot and was sentenced to death

Preston Brooks v. Charles Sumner

congressmen with opposite slavery views; Brooks beat Sumner with a cane

Republican Party

formed to stop new slave states

Dred Scott

promised he would be freed from slavery and sued when he was not. He lost his case

Roger Taney

judge who denied Dred Scott freedom

Abraham Lincoln

Republican who won presidency in 1860

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln

Stephen Douglas

John Breckenridge

John Bell

Stephen Douglas

Northern Democrat in Election of 1860

John Breckenridge

Southern Democrat in Election of 1860

John Bell

Moderate in Election of 1860

South Carolina

first state to secede from the Union

Fort Sumter

Charleston, SC; Confederate leader - PGT Beauregard; Union leader - Robert Anderson; Confederate victory

Major Robert Anderson

Union leader at Fort Sumter

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Alexander Stephens

Vice President of the Confederacy

Montgomery

First capital of the Confederacy

Richmond

became capital of the Confederacy after Fort Sumter

Confederate states that seceded from the Union before Fort Sumter

SC, MS, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX

Confederate states that seceded from the Union after Fort Sumter

KY, NC, TN, AR

Border states

KY, MO, MD, DL

Fort Sumter

first major battle of the Civil War

Strengths of the North

factories, large population, railroads, strong federal government, Navy, idealistic causes, Abraham Lincoln

Weaknesses of the North

slow to mobilize, untrained troops, poor generals, offensive war, copperheads

Strengths of the South

generals, experienced soldiers, the cause, foreign allies possible, southern women

Weaknesses of the South

no factories, small population, inadequate transportation, small Navy, weak government, slavery

Anaconda Plan

Union plan to blockade the south, split the south, and capture Richmond

King Cotton Plan

Confederate plan to fight a defensive war and hope for British support

Copperheads

Northern democrats who did not want a war, but immediate peace

First Battle of Bull Run

35,000 Union men, and 34,000 Confederate men, in Manassas Junction, VA, PGT Beauregard led Confederates to victory

General George McClellan

railroad president and politician who served as a Civil War general - attacked Confederates with full force

Battle of Shiloh

Pittsburg Landing, TN, Union General Ulysses S. Grant, Confederate General Albert Sydney Johnson, bloodiest battle in US history, Union victory

Robert E. Lee

Confederate General in the Battle of Gettysburg and Antietam before surrendering to Grant

PGT Beauregard

Confederate who started the war by leading the attack on Fort Sumter

Thomas Hooker

Union general who successfully reorganized the Amry of Potomac

Ambrose Burnside

Union general defeated at battle of Fredericksburg and replaced by Hooker

Battle of Antietam

Sharpsburg, MD, McClellan and Lee, deadliest 1 day battle, Union victory

Emancipation Proclamation

issued by Lincoln to free slaves of the Confederate states

Battle of Vicksburg

Warren County, MS, Grant and Pemberton, effort to capture MS River, Union victory

Battle of Gettysburg

Pennsylvania, Lee, Meade, Lee’s second attempt of Northern invasion, Union victory

Pickett’s Charge

infantry attack ordered by Lee in Gettysburg, took 12,000 Confederate lives

George Meade

Union general who defeated Lee at Gettysburg

William T. Sherman

very effective Union general

Ulysses S. Grant

led Union to victory in the Civil War and later became president in 1869

Appomattox Court House

Confederates and Lee surrendered here

Terms of Confederate surrender

Confederates had to turn in rifles, were given food and were sent home

Ten Percent Plan

stated that once ten percent of the white male population took loyalty oaths and all slaves were freed, Confederate states could establish a new government

Wade-Davis Bill

provided admission to representation of rebel states if 50% of males took a loyalty oath and abolished slavery

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

Lincoln’s assassination

shot by Booth in the Ford’s Theatre Presidential Box

Radical Republican

led by Thaddeus Stevens who were abolitionists and had strong Reconstruction views

Andrew Johnson

assumed presidency after Lincoln’s death - later impeached

Radical Reconstruction

equal rights were formed under the Constitution; blacks were voting and taking office

carpetbaggers

middle class teachers, merchants, journalists, etc

scaliwags

withe southerners who supported reconstruction

Johnson impeachment

violated Tenure of Office Act

14th Amendment

all people born in the US are citizens

Ku Klux Klan

southern white supremacist racial group

sharecroppers

tenant farming in which the landowner provides and the tenants labors

South during Reconstruction

equal taxation legislation, state-funded public schools, laws against racial discrimination

Rutherford B. Hayes

president who ended reconstruction