CO220 Final Exam Review

Plumbum

The Latin word for plumbing

Water

Freezing point 32 degrees "F" & Boiling point 212 degrees "F"

Potable Water

Treated water from local treatment plants. Safe for human consumption.

Non-potable water

Not suitable for drinking and cooking.

Non-potable water usage

Flushing toilets, Washing vehicles, Sprinkler systems for lawns, & Dust control on construction sites.

Surface Water

Rain or snow that runs off the surface of the ground into streams, rivers and lakes.

Ground Water

Rain water that percolates through the soil and is trapped underground in the form of a aquifer or water table.

Impervious Layer

Layer made up of clay, rock and shale. A layer which water can't pass through.

Underground Stream

Horizontal flow of ground water that will follow path of impervious layer.

Percolation Process

Provides natural filtration of surface water to ground water.

Desalination

Process of removing salt contents from water provided by oceans.

Water Analysis

Chemical test and bacteriological testing of potable water.

Building Codes

Established and enforced by local municipality, regional area, national level and state level.

Upfeed System

Water distribution in a building by the use of available pressure from local watermains Booster pumps may be required to increase water pressure to upper floors or remote areas of the facility.

Downfeed System

Water distribution in a building by the use of gravity. Water is pumped and stored in roof top or elevated tanks.

Demand Load

The amount of water required for the operation of all fixtures in a building. (showers, sinks, water closets, hose bibs & washing machines.

Fixture Units

Water demand for each individual plumbing fixture in a building.

Sanitary Sewer Drainage (Waste Disposal)

Disposal of waste matter both fluid and organic. Water and gravity is used to transport waste through sewer pipes.

Domestic Sewage

Sewage from residential and commercial facilities.

Soil Stack

Human waste from water closets that is transported through a stack.

Waste Stack

All waste except for human waste that is transport through a stack.

Vents

Allows gasses in the sewage drainage system to discharge into outside air. Reduces air turbulence in the system.

Traps

Holds a quantity of water to form a water seal or trap seal. Installed at each fixture.

Storm Sewer Lines

Directs surface rain runoff from roofs and paved areas away from building foundations to nearby creeks, streams and lakes.

Storm Drain Pollution

Stormwater washing off pollutants and chemicals from the land, roads, building rooftops, lawns, construction sites, parking areas and driveways

Sanitary Sewers

A sewer that carries raw sewage (liquid or waterborne waste from plumbing fixtures).

Combined Sewer Lines

Combination of Storm and Wastewater. Creates an excess demand load for sewage treatment plants.

Conventional Septic Components

Septic Tank, Distribution Box, Leach Field & PVC Pipe.

Percolation Test

Analysis of horizontal and vertical movement of water through the pores of the soil.

Percolation Test Procedures

Dig 36" deep hole, add 2" of gravel at bottom, presoak, pour clean water to 6" depth, Observe and record water drop, Repeat test, done

Test Pit

Soil Evaluation of existing soil layers.

Test Pit Evaluation Factors

Soil layer thickness, texture, color, odor, Depth of water, Depth of bedrock,

Water Usage Data

Existing design flow rate information for the design of septic systems.

Performance Tables

Design Criteria for new septic systems.

Domestic Water Composition

Toilet, Laundry, Bathing, Sinks

Electrical Code for New York State

National Electrical Code (NEC)

120/240 VAC, 1 phase - 3W System

Most common residential electrical service.

208Y/120 VAC, 3 phase - 4W System

Small Commercial Buildings

System Voltage

Target voltage entering the service panel.

Utilization of Voltage

Accounts for anticipated voltage drops on branch circuit conductors.

Line Voltage

Measures voltage at an outlet or connection.

Maximum Voltage

Highest voltage to which a wiring device can be exposed.

Series Loop System

System is supplied by a single pipe for both supply and return water. Convector units can't be turned off. Limited control of heat to separate rooms.

One Pipe System

Single pipe established around building perimeter. A percentage of hot water is diverted to each independent convector and then returned to the supply line. Convectors can be controlled separately.

Two Pipe System

Hot water supply is kept separate from returned water passing through convector unit. Separate Supply and Return pipe. Convector units can be controlled separately.

BTU

British Thermal Unit per hour

MBH

Thousand British Thermal Unit per hour.

Forced Air Systems

Use of heated and cooling coils within unit. Circulates outdoor/returned air from a central unit through supply ducts.

Supply and Return Ductwork

Commonly made from galvanized steel. Ducts located in a heated space do not require insulation. Ducts located in an unheated space require insulation.

Air Plenum

No ductwork required. ceiling area is used as an air return duct. Typically located in corridor areas.

Turning Vanes

Directs air flow smoothly around a corner or bend in ductwork. Reduces vibration noise caused by air turbulence.

C-Value

Measures materials ability to conduct heat.

R-Value

Measures heat flow resistance in relationship to material thickness.

U-Value

Heat flow resistance for entire assembly of walls, floors and ceilings.

Surface Emissivity

Non reflective or reflective value of the materials.

Infiltration

Air leakage between building materials. As wind velocity increases so does the amount or air leakage into the building.

A.S.H.R.A.E.

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air Conditioning Engineers.

H.V.A.C.

Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

Natural Gas

Heating fuel distributed by cost per cubic foot.

Oil

Heating fuel distributed by various weights and grades per gallon.

Heat Loss

Loss of heat from a building to the surrounding air. Measured in BTU'S.

Transmission

Loss of heat from a conditioned space to an unconditioned space.

Ventilation

Introduction of fresh air into a building envelope. Percentage of air based on activity and occupancy.

Resistance

Flow of heat through building materials.

Heavier/Dense materials (concrete & masonry)

Less resistance and lower "R" values.

Lighter/Less Dense materials (wood & insulation)

More resistance and higher "R" values.

British Thermal Unit (BTU)

Unit of energy. Amount of heat required to raise the temp. of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

Electricity

Heating fuel distributed by Kilowatts

Heat Transfer

Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place.

Conduction

As you heat metal, the particles vibrate. The vibrations are passed along the metal and so is the heat.

Convection

As the body gives off heat, it flows to the surrounding cooler air. Warm air moves upward and cooler air is pulled behind it.

Radiation

Heat flows from a hot surface to a cold surface. No air movement is required to transfer the heat.

Evaporation

Heat is removed from the surface causing the surface to cool. (Removing heat from the body)

Greatest environmental impact on a building facade

Solar Radiation

Cistern

A collection tank used to hold surface water for water demand loads in facilities.

Natural Filtration

Ground water requires lass treatment than surface water when making water potable due to the percolation process which provide natural filtration.

Static Head

Pressure required to push water vertically.

Booster Pumps

Used in large facilities to increase water pressure losses from the local water mains.

Water Table

The depth of all wells is determined by the depth of the water table or aquifer.

Water Closet

Toilet

Water Hammer

Water shock - noise/vibration caused by water pressure surges in water supply systems.

Department of Health

Requires that all treated water must be tested throughout different intervals in the year to determine is the water meets state requirements.

Btu's

Heat loss and heat gains are measured.

Sanitary Sewers & Septic Systems

Bacteriological water analysis provides a indication of coliform organisms in the quality of water due to contamination from sewage seepage.

Insulation

Ductwork located in a condition space/heated space does not require insulation.

Heating Device Ratings

Amount of heat (BTU's) given off in a 1 hour period.

Resistance Values of wall systems

Surface position and orientation effect heat loss calculation.

Comfort Chart

Designated by A.S.H.R.A.E. that determines temperature design ranges of variable conditions in a space.

Convector Unit

Heat is transferred through convection. Air flow passes by a heat transfer surface. Example: aluminum fins over copper piping.

Three Natural Processes Heat is transferred

Evaporation, Convection & Radiation

Factors used in calculation heat loss

Wall, ceiling & floor assembly types, Geographical area, Wall, ceiling & floor surface area, Amount and size of doors & windows.

Heat Loss control in a building

Type of insulation used, Thickness of insulation used, Building materials with more heat flow resistance, Sealants & Caulks, Doors & windows with more heat flow resistance, Weather stripping, Thermal barriers, Tyvek building wraps, 6 mil polyethylene moisture barriers.

Septic System Layout

Building>Septic Tank>Distribution Box>Leach/Absorption Field