Basic Cell Function, Structure, and Hematopoietic Review

Complete study set of vocabulary and key concepts for cellular biology, pathophysiology, immunology, and hematology topics derived from the provided lecture transcript.

Cytoplasm

The fluid matrix of the cell.

Cell membrane

A semipermeable boundary containing the cell and its components that is highly sensitive to change and is one of the earliest signs of cell injury if damaged.

Facilitated diffusion

The movement of solutes from a higher concentration area to a lower concentration area with the assistance of a transport or carrier protein.

Osmosis

The movement of solvent across a cellular membrane from a low-solute area to a high-solute area, affected by osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and colloid osmotic pressure.

Secondary Active Transport

A form of transport that does not use $ATP$ directly but relies on concentration gradients created by other processes, such as those for glucose.

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis described as cell eating, involving bringing substances into a cell that are too large to enter by other mechanisms.

Proliferation

The process by which cells divide and reproduce, regulated by cytokines and genetic material.

Differentiation

The process by which cells become specialized in type, function, structure, and cycle.

Totipotent

The first stem cells in human body development capable of differentiating into any cell type.

Atrophy

A decrease in cell size and number that conserves energy and resources, commonly occurring in response to disuse, decreased innervation, or diminished blood supply.

Metaplasia

An adaptive, potentially reversible process where an adult cell is replaced by a less mature cell type, usually initiated by chronic irritation and inflammation.

Dysplasia

A mutation into cells of different size, shape, and appearance, often implicated as precancerous cells reflecting a disruption of normal cellular regulation.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that eliminates unwanted cells, important in tissue development, immune defense, and cancer prevention.

Anaplasia

Loss of differentiation where cells lose the structural and functional characteristics of the tissue from which they originated.

Telomerase

An enzyme that maintains telomere length and prevents replicative senescence, contributing to tumor longevity.

Immunoediting

A process where cancer cells avoid detection or suppress immune responses to evade immune destruction.

Mutualism

A microbic exposure beneficial to the host.

Type I Hypersensitivity

An inflated immune response where $T$ cells are activated by allergens, producing $IgE$ antibodies that make mast cells sensitive to the allergen, potentially resulting in anaphylaxis.

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A delayed immune response occurring $24$ to $72$ hours after exposure, which is not antibody-mediated but involves macrophages presenting antigens to $T$ cells.

Marfan Syndrome

An inherited degenerative generalized disorder of the connective tissue characterized by weakness in the aorta wall, lens dislocation, and musculoskeletal variations.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase leading to toxic effects, neurologic injury, and intellectual disability if untreated.

Tay-Sachs Disease

A progressive disorder caused by a mutation in the $HEXA$ gene on chromosome $15$, resulting in the accumulation of lipids within the neuron due to a missing enzyme.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

The major stimulator of multipotent stem cells to differentiate into erythrocytes, released by renal cells in response to low oxygen tension.

Reticulocytes

The final stage of development for red blood cells before they become mature erythrocytes, normally comprising $0.5\% - 2.5\%$ of $RBCs$.

Anemia Diagnostic Threshold (Men)

$Hct < 41\%$ and $Hgb < 13.5\,g/dl$.

Koilonychia

Spoon-shaped nails, a unique clinical manifestation of iron deficiency anemia.

Hepcidin

A peptide hormone produced in the liver that limits iron absorption from the intestine and delays iron release from macrophages.

Pancytopenia

A decrease in all three hematologic cell lines (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), characteristic of aplastic anemia.

Von Willebrand factor (vWF)

A glycoprotein produced by endothelial cells and platelets that promotes platelet aggregation and transports clotting factor $VIII$ to injury sites.

Reed-Sternberg cells

Large cells originating from $B$ lymphocytes with nuclei containing at least two lobes; they are pathognomonic for classic Hodgkin Lymphoma.

CRAB

A mnemonic for the clinical manifestations of Multiple Myeloma: hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and bone lesions.

Philadelphia chromosome

A specific chromosomal abnormality associated with the proliferation of mature and maturing granulocytes in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ($CML$).