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Design Flow (Q)

The total amount of water flow required, dependent on water demands.

Recommended max velocity

The maximum velocity in water distribution piping, typically between 5 to 8 feet per second (fps).

Pipe diameter

The width of the pipe, which needs to be determined based on the design flow and velocity.

Consumption rates

The amount of water used per person, estimated at 150-180 gallons a day.

Types of pipes

Common types for water supply include PVC, steel, ductile iron, copper, PEX, HDPE, and cast iron.

Minimum pipe velocity

For cost efficiency, a minimum velocity of 5 fps is recommended to reduce energy consumption.

Average Day Flow (ADF)

The average daily water consumption over a year, approximately 75 MGD.

Maximum Day Flow (MDF)

The highest water flow demand experienced in a day, around 150 MGD during peak periods.

Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR)

A method that allows water to flow back into wells, utilizing groundwater aquifers as storage reservoirs.

Water banking

The practice of storing water in aquifers, allowing for future use.

Continuity equation

An equation derived from the conservation of mass principles applied to fluid motion.

Energy equation

An equation derived from the conservation of energy principles applied to fluid motion.

Momentum equation

An equation derived from the conservation of momentum principles applied to fluid motion.

Viscosity

A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, resulting in shear stress and friction head loss.

'Ideal fluid' assumption

An assumption where viscosity is neglected, leading to no energy loss in the flow.

Irrigation projects in CA

Key projects include the Central Valley Project and California State Water Project, crucial for irrigation and municipal water supply.

Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA)

An agency involved in importing groundwater from northeastern Nevada to Las Vegas.

Water treatment plants (WTP)

Facilities that treat raw water to make it safe for drinking, such as the Chalk Bluff WTP and Glendale WTP.