Athletic Training Quiz 4

The knee joint consists of what 4 major bones?

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

What do muscules and ligaments provide?

stability

What are the three types/layers of cartilage?

red red, red white, white white

What are the type meniscus? What what are they made of and shaped like?

lateral and medial, fibrocartilage disks, bowls

What is important about meniscus? What is is main function?

it had poor blood flow, cushion and shock absorber

What are the two ajor stabilizing liagemnets of the knee?

cruciate and collateral

What are the 2 kinds of cruciate ligaments?

ACL and PCL

What do the ACL and then PCL do? What do they both do?

prevents tibia from moving foward, prevents tibia from moving backwards, stabilizes tibia

What are the 2 kinds of collateral ligaments?

MCL and LCL

What do the MCL and then LCL do? What are the 2 parts of the MCL?

resists vagus forces to the lateral surface, prevents vagus forced to the medial surface, superficial and deep

What are the 2 major movements of the knee?

flexion, extension

What 4 muscles work in the contraction of the quadricips? What movement does contraction of the quadriceps cause?

rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedialis, lateralis, extension

What 8 muscles work in the contraction of the hamstring? What movement does contraction of the hamstring cause?

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous, gracilis, popliteus, sartorius, gastrocnemius, plantaris, flexion

What 3 categories help in preventing knee injuries?

physical conditioning and rehab, shoe types, functional and prophylactic knee braces

When preforming “HOPT” you should ask questions about ____________ and preform what 5 special tests?

current/past/recurrent injuries, valgus and varus stress tests, lachmans test, anterior and posterior drawer test, apley’s compression test, functional test

What structures does the valgus and varus stress test test for?

the laxity of the MCL and LCL, vlagus is medially and varus is laterally directed force

What structures does the lachman’s test test for?

integrity of ACL, positive test indicates damaged ACL

What structures does the anterior and posterior drawer test test for?

integrity of ACL and PCL, tibia pulled foward is looking for torn ACL and tibia pushed backwards is looking for torn PCL

What structures does the apley’s compression test test for?

meniscus tear

Ligament injuries can be from what 3 planes/forces?

direct straight line, single plane, rotary force

What three primary muscles flex the knee?

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimenbranosus (hamstring group)

What does MCL stand for? What what causes an MCL sprain?

medial collateral ligament, medially directed valgus force from lateral side/rotation

What is the care for MCL and LCL sprains?

POLICE, crutches with knee immobilizer if needed, isometric exercises, rehab

What does LCL stand for? What what causes an LCL sprain?

Lateral collateral ligament, varus force when the tibia is internally rotated

What are the 4 signs of an LCL sprain?

pain, tenderness, swelling, joint laxity

What does ACL stand for and what causes an ACL sprain?

anterior cruciate ligament, contact or noncontact forces that could be axial loading, anterior tibial shear, medial tibial rotation, knee valgus, or hip adduction

Signs of an ACL sprain? Info about more common?

audible pop, rapid swelling, intense pain, positive lachmans and anterior drawer test, most common in females (non contact forces in F and contact in M)

Care for ACL and PCL sprains?

POLICE, surgery if needed

What does PCL stand for? What causes a PCL sprain?

posterior cruciate ligament, falling with full weight on anterior aspect of bent knee (knee hyperflexed and ankle in plantarflexion)

Signs of PCL sprain?

pop in back of knee, tenderness, swelling, laxity in posterior drawer test

What causes general meniscus injuries?

weight bearing combined with a rotational force while extending/flexing the knee

Signs and care for general meniscus injuries?

joint line pain, loss of motion, locking and giving away, pain with squatting, POLICE, operative or nonoperative (diagnosed through MRI)

Signs and Care for joint contusions?

pain, loss of movement, acute inflammation, bruising, depends of location and severity of contusion but compression and ice for 72 hrs (inactivity for 24 hrs)

What is plica and whats are the three types? What causes knee plica condition?

thickened fold of synovial fluid lining the inside of the joint capsule, infrapatellar, suprapatellar, medial patellar, plica becomes inflamed from truama

Signs and care for knee plica coditions?

history of knee truama, blunt force or fall on knee while twistes, pain with stairs, rest and local heat

What are the two bursae of the knee that have the highest incidence of irritation in sports?

prepatellar, deep infrapatellar

Signs and care for bursitis?

localized swelling above knee (behind knee indicates bakers cyst), eliminating cause and using rest and compression

What is another name for the condition loose bodies within the knee? What causes it?

loose mice, repetitive truama (sometimes comes from osteochondritis dissecans)

Signs and care for loose bodies within the knee?

loose modies move in joint space and become lodged causing locking and popping, may need surgery

What is another name for iliotibial band friction syndrome and what causes it?

runners knee, overuse condition in runners and cyclists

Signs and care for iliotibial band friction syndrome?

tenderness, swelling, increased pain with activity, stretching and correction of foot/leg alignment issues

What causes a fracture of the patella? and is it most common with direct or indirect truama?

direct/indirect trauma like falling or jumping or running, indirect

Signs and care for fractures of the patella?

swelling, tearing of joint capsule, seperation of bone fragments, x-ray then splint then immobilization and PT

What causes an acute Subluxation or Dislocation?

when the foot is planted and person simultaneously cuts in the opposite direction (more likely to occur in female than male because of a wider pelvis)

What are the signs and care for an acute subluxation or dislocation?

loss of knee function, swelling, pain, abnormal position of patella, immobilized the knee and ice, rehab includes crutches with immobilizer and then stretching

What is chondromalacia and what causes it?

softening and deterioration of the patella, the cause cause is unknown but often related to abnormal movement of patella or overuse

What are the signs and care for chondromalacia?

pain in anterior aspect when walkingrunning, stairs, or squatting, swelling, grating sensation with flexing and extending; avoiding irritating activities, pain free isometric exercises, knee sleeves

What is another name for patellar tendinopathy and what causes it?

jumpers knee, things that place extreme tension on the knee like running, jumping, or landing

What are the signs (3) and care (2) for patellar tendinopathy?

vague pain and tenderness, pain worsens with activity and disappears with rest, trouble with climbing stairs and squatting, eccentric tendon-loading exercises, tendodesis strap brace

What is the cause of Osgood-Schlatter Disease and how do you care for it (3)?

repeated pull of the patellar tendon on a rapidly growing immature adolescent’s knee, ice, compression, limiting activity

In meniscal tears, what area has the greatest chance of healing and why?

peripheral meniscus

What are the signs of Osgood-Schlatter Disease?

swelling, hemorrhage, gradual degeneration at the tibial tubercle, pain with kneeling/jumping/running, point tenderness over tibial tubercle