1st US History Test

What was the Enlightenment

• intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th century

• influenced by scientific revolution

• philosophers during this time saved thinking behind Declaration of Independence, Constitution and Bill of Rights

Thomas Hobbes

main idea was that a strong government was needed to prevent disorder

John Locke

main idea was that government needs to protect “natural rights” (life liberty and the pursuit of happiness), power comes from the people not God

Montesquieu

main idea was that government power should be separated to prevent abuse (checks and balances)

Rousseau

main idea was for a social contract: an agreement among individuals to create government to do the peoples will

Voltaire

main idea was that he argued for freedom of religion and speech as well as tolerance

Great awakening

• revival movement in the colonies from 1730 to 1750

• restored religious fervor but questioned the authority of established churches by stressing individuals relationship with God

How did the US declare their independence from Britain

Declaration of Independence

What were the Articles of Confederation

• first US constitution

• went into effect March 1781

What did the articles of confederation declare

• 1 vote per state

• the power of national and state governments

What power did the Articles of Confederation give to the national government

• declare war

• make peace

• sign treaties

• borrow money

How did the Articles of Confederation keep the government from over reaching

• split into branches

• elections

• checks and balances

Successes of the Articles of Confederation

• Revolutionary Government

• Treaty of Paris (1783)

• NW Ordinance (1787)

  -Rules for creating states out of Northwest territory

  -provisions set up that new states are equal to the OG 13

  -makes provisions for education

Problems/Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

• congress couldn’t enact & collect taxes

• 1 vote per state regardless of population

• 9/13 states had to agree for laws to be passed

• No executive branch to enforce laws

• no courts to settle disputes

• states acted in own best interests

How/why was there a push for a stronger National Government as a result of the articles of Confederation

• no unity among states

• government couldn’t regulate trade or impose taxes

• Shay’s Rebellion (1786)

  -MA farmers angry over taxes

  -didn’t allow courts to meet

• Convention called for 1787

  -meet in philadelphia

Writing the Constitution

• convention was held and tasked with amending Articles of Confederation

  -strengthen national government

• conventions determined to need to while the Articles of Confederation and start from scratch

  -didn’t tell confederation congress

• decided to keep discussions secret for 30 years

  -gave free space with no public opinion

basic agreement of the convention tasked with writing the Constitution

• create a constitutional government

  -limited power

• Purpose was to protect basic rights and promote common welfare

• strong national government was needed

• powers needed to be separated and provided with a system of checks and balances

British Acts and Events that led to the colonies wanting seperation

• Stamp Act

• Townshend Acts

• Boston Massacre

• Tea Act

• Intolerable Acts

• Lexington and Concord

• Common Sense published

Stamp Act

• 1765

• required most documents to be printed on stamped paper to show that the duty was paid

• Reaction from colonists-legislative resistance by the elites, economic resistance by merchants and popular protests by common colonists

Townshend Acts

• 1767

• created new customs duties on common items

• Reaction from colonists-formed committees of correspondence to keep each other informed

Boston Massacre

• 1770

• during protest a small group of British Soldiers opened fire on the Boston colonists killing 5 people

• Reaction from colonists-drawings of grinning British soldiers firing at a peaceful crowd quickly spread through the colonies creating anger toward British and sympathy for Boston

Tea Act 1773

• 1773

• British attempted to aid the East India company who was drawing in debt toward Britain by allowing them to sell directly to the colonies, no import taxes

• Reaction from colonists-the Boston Sons of Liberty led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock disguised as Mohawk Indians dumped 342 tea chests into the sea

Intolerable Acts

• 1774

• shut down Boston ports harbor and trade, put colonial government entirely under British control, any official accused crime had to be tried in Britain not Boston, British soldiers allowed to be housed in colonists homes

• Reaction from colonists-comities of correspondence were created in all colonies except Georgia, the colonies combined to not only help Massachusetts but to follow in their lead of seizing royal government power

Lexington and Concord

• 1775

• April 19, 17175 British regiments set out to seize local militias’ arms and power stores in Massachusetts leading to war

• Reaction from colonists-militia members from across the country side responded quickly to the event, inflicted serious casualties on the British and chased British troops back to Boston

Common Sense published

• 1776

• a six page pamphlet arguing for independence by denouncing monarchy and challenging logic behind British empire

• Reaction from colonists-pamphlet was published throughout the colonies leading to arguments over political philosophy and rumors of battlefield developments

Why is the Declaration of Independence being written

to officially declare the colonists separation from Britain and dissolve political bands

5 American ideals

• Equality

• Rights

• Liberty

• Opportunity

• Democracy

How did colonists attempt to resolve problems with Great Britain before writing the Declaration of Independence

• petitioning for Redress

• warning them of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwantedrrantable jurisdiction over them

specific reasons why colonists hated the king

British Acts and Events

Key Conflicts at the constitutional convention

• Strong central government vs strong states

• large states vs small states

• north vs south

constitutional convention strong central government vs strong states

• strong central government

  -authority derives from the people

  -in new plan of government, the central government should be stronger then the states

• strong states

  -authority derives from the states

  -under a modified Articles of Confederation states should remain stronger then central government

• resolution (division of powers)

  -divided power between states an central governments

  -separated national governments power into 3 branches(judicial, legislative & executive)

  -created entirely new form of government

constitutional convention large states vs small states

• large states

  -congress should be composed of 2 houses

  -# of delegates in both houses should be assigned by population

• small states

  -a congress of one house should be preserved

  -each states should have 1 vote

• resolution (Roger Shermans Great compromise)

  -offered 2 houses of congress(bicameral legislative)

  -equal representation in senate

  -each states size determines its representation in the House of Representatives

  -voters of each state voted House members; state legislators choose senate members

constitutional convention north vs south

• north

  -slaves shouldn’t be counted when deciding # of congressional delegates

  -slaves should be counted when levying taxes

• south

  -slaves should be counted when determining congressional representation

  -slaves shouldn’t be counted when levying taxes

• resolution (three fifths compromise)

  -called for 3/5 of a state’s slaves to be counted when determining congressional representation

  -slaves shouldn’t be counted when levying taxes

ratification arguments between federalists and anti-federalists

• anti-federalists

  -opposed having such a strong central government

  -constitution states no guarantee that the government would protect the rights of the people or state

  -wanted a Bill of Rights

• federalists

  -favored new constitutions balance of power between states and national government

  -felt stronger central government was superior to the weak congress provided by the Articles of Confederation

• Resolution

  -federalists yielded to the people’s overwhelming desire and promised to add a bill of rights if the states ratify the constitution

  -constitutions became “the law of the land” in June 1788

the houses

• senate

  - state legislator select senate

  -required to live in state representing, be a 9 year citizen and be over 30 in order to serve

• House of Representatives

  -chosen by the people from several states

  -required to be 25 years or older, be a U.S. citizen for 7 years, and must live in the state they are representing prior to election in order to serve

  - have power of the purse, anything to do with money starts closest to the people

President

• requirements to serve

  -natural born citizen

  -35 years or older

  -14 year resident in US

• how is president elected

  1. electors vote by ballot for 2 persons; 1 must not be from their state

  2. president of senate opens letters in House of Senate and House of Representatives

  3. person with greatest vote is president if has majority vote

  4. equal # of votes then the house of representatives choose by ballot

the judiciary courts

• no requirements to serve

• chosen by president and approved by senate

federal government powers

• create treaties with other countries and start war

• deal with other nations

• keep a military

• establish immigration laws

• coin money

• nominate justices for supreme court

• pardoning those accused of federal crime

• may make any necessary and proper law

• establish post offices

state government powers

• education

• health care

• marriage license

• drivers license

• what happens to stuff when you die

• are skateboards allowed in parts

• decide what smaller government to create and their power level

concurrent (shared by both federal and state government) powers

• tax collection

• running a court system

• enforcing laws

• borrowing money

the branches and their purpose

• judiciary-courts

• executive-enforce laws

• legislative-make laws

Amendment l (1)

• freedom of ideas

  -establishment of churches freedom from pre established worship if you choose

  -freedom of speech

  -freedom of press

  -right to peacefully assemble

  -petition for redress

Amendment ll (2)

• right to bear arms

• the right is used to protect citizens from millitia

Amendment lll (3)

• no trespassing law

• no soldiers shall, in times of peace be quartered in any house, without consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law

Amendment IV (4)

can’t search my stuff unless you have a reason, need a warrant with specify and substantial evidence

Amendment V (5)

• the justice league

• right to jury

• not be tried for same crime 2 times-double jeopardy

• right to remain silent

• due process of law

• compensation for property when government takes it for public use

Amendment VI (6)

• rights of accused when it comes to trial

• witnesses and process

• right of a lawyer

Amendment Vll (7)

• the peoples court

• civil cases

• jury over $20

Amendment Vlll (8)

• justice not torture

• punishment phase

• excessive bail shall not be required

• nor excessive fines be imposed

• nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted

Amendment IX (9)

• the list goes on

• can’t name every right, there is more

• certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retaining to the people

Amendment X (10)

• the left over amendment

• states rights amendment

• protects rights of states

Monroe Doctrine

-1823

-issued by President James Monroe

-warned European powers not to interfere with the Western Hemisphere

-the US would stay out of European affairs

Nullification Crisis

-based on John Calhoun’s theory of nullification

stated could declare law passed by Congress unconstitutional and therefore nullified within that state’s borders

-SC used idea to declare Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null

-President Jackson threatened use of force to make state pay tariffs

-Henry Clay forged compromise lowering tariffs over 10 year period

Marbury v Madison

-1803

-Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional

-Established the principle of Judicial Review-the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

Henry Clay’s “American System”

-1815

-designed to move the US toward economic independence from European powers

-called for 1)establishing a protective tariff 2) rechartering the national bank 3)sponsoring internal improvements to make travel in the US easier

Indian Removal Act

-1830

-provided funds to negotiate treaties with Native Americans to force them to move west

Trail of Tears

-1838

-forced removal of the Cherokee from Georgia into Indian Territory

-¼ tribe died along the way

Louisiana Purchase

-1803

-US purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million

-more than doubled the size of the US

-Lewis and Clark Expedition sent in 1804 to explore new territory

War of 1812

-Causes: impressment-British practice of seizing US sailors and drafting them into the British Navy-British Canadian officials were arming Native Americans

-Washington DC captured and White House burned 1814

-1815-Battle of New Orleans-major victory for US under General Andrew Jackson

-Results: ended the Federalist Party who had opposed the war -encourage the growth of American industry-confirmed status of US as an independent nation

Missouri Compromise

-1820

-Maine admitted as free state

-Missouri admitted as slave state

-maintains a balanced Senate

-established the 36 30 line to determine slave or free state status

Seneca Falls Convention

-1848

-women’s rights convention 

-approved a declaration calling for women to have the right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-abolitionist and suffragist

-organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott

-Authored the Declaration of Sentiments

Lucretia Mott

-abolitionist and early feminist

-active in William Lloyd Garrison’s American Anti-Slavery Society

-organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Declaration of Sentiments

-presented and signed at the Seneca Falls Convention

-authored by Elizabeth Cady Stanton

-Modeled on the Declaration of Independence

-Captures wide range of issues embraced by early women’s rights movement

Frederick Douglass

-escaped slave who became a leading abolitionist

-published The North Star beginning in 1847

William Lloyd Garrison

-radical white abolitionist

-editor of The Liberator

-demanded immediate emancipation of slaves as early as 1831

Turner’s Rebellion

-August 1831

-slave rebellion led by Nat Turner and 50 followers

-violently put down by slave owners

-led to increased restrictions on slaves

Denmark Vesey

-former slave who planned uprising in Charleston, SC in 1822

-plot was discovered and 131 were arrested

-67 were convicted, 35 hanged-including Vesey

Dred Scott v Sanford

-1857

-Scott was slave who argued he became free when taken into free territory by his owner

-Supreme Court ruled he was not free, not a citizen and MO Compromise regarding free territory violated the 5th amendment

Mexican American War

-1846-1848

-fought to bring Texas and other western regions into the US

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

-February 1848

-ended the Mexican American War

-US establishes Rio Grande as Texas’ southern border, gains California and New Mexico territories, pays Mexico $15 million for territories ceded

California Gold Rush

-Gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill

-leads to huge migration to CA

-”Forty Niners”-prospectors who flood into CA

Freedmen's issues

• Wanted Union to assist former slaves and poor whites living in the South by creating a bureau

•  freed men wanted freedom to travel

•  40 acres and a mule from plantations; Congress refused and saw as unconstitutional  because it violates property rights

• This Bureau provided food, clothing, education, Medical Care and legal assistance

•  these attempts to solve the problem worth warded by Johnson

 Andrew Johnson's plan

• Former Confederate States could rejoin the union once it had written a new state constitution, elected a new state government, repealed its accession, canceled its War debts and ratified the 13th Amendment

•  republicans in Congress urged him to  require that southern states must Grant freedom to vote but he refused “quote white men alone, must manage the south”

 Congressional reconstruction

•  Congress renewed Bureau and Civil Rights Acts

• Johnson toward North making Fury species about 14th Amendment during 1866 election

• Congress impeached Johnson, however they were one about short and could not kick him out from being president

•  Republicans won a veto proof ⅔  majority in both houses of Congress

•  Congress would control reconstruction as a result

•  Congress later passed reconstruction Acts

•  those who supported South Confederacy Can’t vote

 reconstruction amendments

• 14 Amendment, state laws shall operate equally among all, all people born or naturalized in us were citizens, state can't deny citizens due process

•  15th amendment, can't deny citizens right to vote by us or state based on previous conditions of servitude race or color

challenges to rebuilding

• Money intended to rebuild roads, Bridges and expand railroads often fell into hands of corrupt government officials

•  South remained dependent on agriculture, farmers were struggling with taxes and debts 

• Farmers had land but no money for crops or workers

•  most sharecroppers experienced debt, sharecropping  was when a person would rent a pot of land and be provided tools and  crops and paying their rent in the food they grow

Southern backlash

• White supremacist created terrorist groups; white brotherhood, Kings of the white camellia, KKK

•  terrorized blacks and white Republicans

•  burned African American schools, attacked Freedmen's Bureau officials and committed murder

•  implemented Black Codes

election of 1876

• Republican Hayes versus Democratic Tilden

•  Tilden won popular vote but was one short of Electoral College votes

•  electoral votes in South Carolina Florida and Louisiana were disputed

•  Country Split over winter

•  Compromise of 1877

•  Hayes received votes from disputed States and was president, promise to help the South

•  reconstruction officially ended

“ Redeemer”  governments

• White supremacist regain power in all Southern States

•  reverse political gains made by  freedmen in reconstruction

•  invoked poll taxes, made it a luxury most blacks could not afford

•  voters had to pass a literacy test

•  reverse laws that outlawed segregation in public

•  grandfather clause

•  Jim Crow segregation

April 1861- Fort Sumter, SC

• Fort is running out of supplies

•  can't shop in SC

•  Lincoln faced immediate problems( send supplies or retreat.. can we restore the Union)

• Sends food and Medicine

•  SC  now has choice, do they allow supplies in or go to war

•  SC chooses War

•  Confederate victory

•  only casualty is a horse

•  leads to bloodiest us War

•  mentality of a short war, men rush into military with this mindset

 July- Bull Run/Manasses  junction, VA

• People watch battle

•  big battle, brutal, bloody

•  Union troops run away and get rid of anything that weighs them down

•  Southern troops stopped to pick everything up, could have captured Lincoln  instead

•  troops need to be trained

•  Confederate victory

 North strategy in Civil War

• Blockade Southern ports

•  capture Mississippi River and split Confederacy

•  capture Richmond VA

South strategy and Civil War

• Fight defensive war

•  invade North if  possible

•  capture Washington DC

• February- Grant wins at  forts Henry and Donaldson

April-Shiloh

- 25,000 casualties

- harsh Battlefield casualties;  rifles, many balls of lead, doesn't go straight through, it flattens and creates more damage

- amputation was most common

- most soldiers died from being gut shot

June- Farragut captures New Orleans

- Union victory

McClellan- Pennsylvania campaign- loses to Lee

- Lee was Lincoln's original choice but wouldn't fight against his home state of va

- McClelland refused to risk the lives of his men even though he could have won

September- Antietam/ Sharpsburg

- McClellan struck luck with Lee's battle plans

- McLellan does nothing for 8 hours

- creates bloodiest day of the war when McClellan chooses to act

- battle moves to bloody Lane

- Union kills a lot of Confederates

- Lee is running for his life; would be forced to surrender

- McClellan chooses to let Lee go

- 26,000 casualties

- Lincoln claims victory, issues preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

January 1st- Emancipation Proclamation

•  free all slaves in rebelling states, tries to end war, if come back into US you keep slaves

•  free zero slaves

•  changes cause of War

•  slaves start to leave south, destroying labor force

•  some of the north won't fight to free slaves

January 1st  through 3rd- Gettysburg

• Bloodiest battle

•  50,000 casualties

•  a lot of battles

•  Lee retreats

•  Confederate high water mark

•  Union can't afford casualties, Confederates can't

•  South fighting losing battle

 July 4th- Vicksburg surrenders

• Union controls Mississippi River

•  Vicksburg is being starved

•  Commander asks for surrender terms on July 4th because it's Independence Day

•  surrender is humiliating for Vicksburg and doesn't celebrate July 4th for 80 years, till end of World War II

 November- Gettysburg Address

• Lincoln was an afterthought

•  Lincoln takes ideals and puts them in context of civil war, equality and democracy and Liberty

 March- United States Grant placed in command

• In charge of war strategy

•  starts to go after Lee

 May through June- Grant verse Lee

• Grant sees War as brutal math problem, same with Lincoln, willing to risk Army

• Grant advances after every battle

•  Grant loses  65,000 men

•  us is pissed, Lincoln won't get rid of him, 1864 is election year

•  don't stop election when  Nation is in crisis

•  Lincoln could cost election but knows he has to push South

 June- Siege of Pittsburgh begins

• Gateway to Richmond

 September- Atlanta Falls to Sherman

• Huge for Union

• hope begin to restore in Union citizens, and in November Lincoln is re-elected

 November through December- Sherman's March to sea

• Understands war math

•  wages Total War, attacks south of anything it can use to help War efforts

•  420 mile March, torches anything that could be used by South in war effort

•  arrive in Savannah on Christmas Day and does 100 million worth of damage

•  civilian morale is destroyed, nothing is left

April 2nd-Pittsburgh Falls