NRES 201 Exam 1 Review

Dust bowl occured in this state primarly

Kansas

What is the major type of soil erosion in Illinois

Water

There is a total of _______ soil forming factors

five

O + A + E + B Horizons = _______

solum

O + A + B + C Horizons = ________

Regolith

Sand is a _______ texture in soil - Palm test from Lab

coarse

Clay has a ______ texture in soils - Texture test in Palm

fine

The darker the soil the more __________________

organic content

Minerals make up ______% of the soil.

50

Organic matter is up to ____% in soils

5

The soil sphere of an earth is called ___________

pedosphere

In the example of 10YR 4/1 - 10YR resemebles what?

Hue

In the example of 10YR 4/1 - the 4 is what?

Value

In the example 10YR 4/1 - the 1 is what?

Chroma

Which particle has the smallest size in soil?

Clay

The largest particle in soil is?

Sand

This soil classification of structure is angular or subangular

Blocky

Horizontal stacks that can be seen in soil are ____ ____

plate like

Single-grained soils are considered

Structureless

Large clods, difficult to break pieces of soil are called

Massive

The A horizon has less _____

clay

B horizon is mostly _____

clay

Movement of materials between horizons is a soil forming process. What is the name of this process?

Translocation

Fallen plant leaves and sloughed off roots are considered ________ to soil formation

Additions

What are the major chemical elements that make up rocks.

Silicon and Oxygen

This parent material corroded in place

Residium

This parent material is usually located in riverbeds and floodplains.

Alluvium

This parent material is usually located near mountains, it’s a result of movement.

Colluvium

This city has never been glaciated in Illinois. Hint: NW IL

Galena

Unsorted, deposited in irregular areas, from glaciers is called?

glacial till

Meltwater from glaciers is the major factor of this parent material. Stratified is the important factor to remember.

Glacial outwash

This parent material occurs from wind blown dust

Eolian

This material is characteristic of Illinois soils. It is an Eolian deposit, from wind.

Loess

Which areas of Illinois have the thickest Loess

Western

In which environment would you find Organic deposits?

Marshes, Swamps

The higher the temperature, the higher the ______ of regolith

weathering

A soil under a forest, or a soil under a prairie will be better developed?

Prairie

Humans have a mostly _____ effect on Soils

Negative

A soil formed in a valley that consistently floods will have _____________ soils

alluvial

This sloping soil example is very important in soil development.

Catena

What is the first horizon that appears in soil formation in Forests?

O Horizon

What is the first horizon to appear (after O)

A Horizon

Illuvial horzion is a horizon which ______ material

gains

Elluvial horizon _______ profile development

loses

Where does the C horizon occur?

Bottom

Which soil horizon is not apart of the Solum?

C

Between a forest and a prairie soil, which soil will have a better profile development?

Prairie

Why do prairie soils have better development?

Grasses

This major subtype has strong gleying and mottling, it also usually causes flooded basements. B_

g

Accumulation of carbonates in a subtype is classified as B_

k

Accumulation of sodium in a soil subtype is B_

n

Plowing subtype for soil B_

p

Accumulation of clay in soil subtype is B_

t

A weakly developed horzion is a B_

w

Hard, dense, loamy layer that restricts water flow. Fragipan. B_

x

This epipedon is most common in Illinois, places with prairies

Molic

The molic epipedon has a high _________ content

organic

Umbric epipedon is like mollic but more ________

acidic

Umbric epipedon forms in areas with ________ rainfall

high

Melanic epipedon is formed of _________

volcanic ash

Histic epipedon is formed in ________ environments

wet

This epipedon has a thick organic horizon, formed in wet areas

histic

Entisol forming factor is ______

time

The most common diagnostic subsurface horizon in Illinois soils, characterized by illuvial accumulation of clay.

argillic

The majority of Illinois soils are classified according to this moisture regime.

udic

The uppermost taxonomic category for soil classification.

order

Sand dunes are classified in this order

Entisols

Soils formed under coniferous fores in cool, northern climates

Spodosols

Dark cracking clay soils formed under grassland

vertisols

Soils in a catena differ in

drainage

In the mapping until 194D2, the last digit (2) designates

Erosion class

Detailed soil survey maps cover acreage to show _________ __________

township sections

Argillic horizion is characteristic due to its accumulation of _____

clay

Natric horizon is called a Btn horizon because of what two features?

Clay, Na

A cambic horizon will have ________ depletion

carbonate

Kandic horizon is a ___ ________ clay.

low activity

Oxic horizons are formed in what kind of climate?

humid tropical

A spodic horizon can be found in ______ soils.

forest

This horizon is found in cool, humid climates, usually in forested areas.

Spodic

This horizon is found in arid/semi-arid regions, it’s characteristic is CaCO3 accumulation.

Calcic

Out of the 19 subhorizions, which one is Eluvial?

Albic

Aquic subhorizon is usually _________ with water

saturated

Udic subhorizions are common in Illinois, what is a characteristic of this horizon?

humidity

This subhorizon is found in areas with drought periods

Ustic

This subhorizon is found in arid regions

aridic

A common subhorizon in California (San Diego) and the Mediterranean.

Xeric

Alfisols are usually found in what type of biome

deciduous forests

Ultisols are formed in _________ climates

warm tropical

This soil classification is formed in tropical rain forests and is red/reddish-yellow in color.

Oxisols

This soil class develops in bogs, marshes and swamps. It is very sensitive if moved, and can cause shrinkage of the soil (ex. Florida).

histosols

This soil is dry and has limited profile development. It usually occurs in Africa, Australia (dry climate)

Aridisol

Permafrost is the identifying factor of this soil order:

Gelisols

Class _ are deep and well drained soils. Best for agricultural purposes.

1

This class of soils has no commercial production

8

This class is suitable for pastures but not good for cropping

5

This erosion type wears down hills and mountains

geological

Which region will have the worst erosion?

semi-arid

This water feature does significant damage via Kinetic Energy to erode soils

rainfall

This water feature uses gravity, flow velocity and carries soil particles downslope

runoff

This water feature forms deltas from its delivery of eroded soil

Deposition