BIO NOTES!!!

anatomy

The study of body structure and form

Level of human structure

atom
molecules
organelles
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organism

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails; protection

skeletal system

bones, cartilage; support and movement

Muscular System

skeletal muscles; movement and stability

lymphatic system

lymph nodes, vessels; recovery of excess tissue fluid, defense against disease

respiratory system

nose, lungs; oxygen and carbon dioxide

digestive system

intestines, liver; nutrient breakdown and absorption

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves; internal communication

endocrine system

glands; hormone production

circulatory system

heart, blood vessels; distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; elimination of wastes

male reproductive system

testes, vesicles, prostate gland; production & delivery of sperm

female reproductive system

ovaries, uterus, mammary glands; production of eggs

anatomical position

standing feet flat
arms at sides
palms, face, & eyes facing forward

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

median (midsagittal) plane

Cuts the body into EQUAL left and right planes

parasagittal plane

Divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides

frontal (coronal) plane

anterior and posterior portions

transverse plane

superior and inferior portions

Anterior

toward the front

posterior

toward the back

ventral

toward the anterior side

dorsal

toward the posterior side

superior

above

inferior

below

cephalic

toward the head

rostral

toward the forehead or nose

caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

medial

Toward the midline of the body

lateral

Away from the midline of the body

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

distal

away from the point of attachment

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

superficial

near the surface

deep

away from the surface

axial region

head, neck, trunk

trunk

thoracic and abdominal

4 quadrants

right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant

9 regions

right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar,
right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal

appendicular region

shoulder girdle
upper limbs
pelvic girdle
lower limbs

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral canal

contains the spinal cord & enclosed by vertebral column

viscera

internal organs

meninges

three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

Mediastinum

space between the lungs
occupied by heart

pleural cavity

contains the lungs

pericardial cavity

contains the heart

Pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity

pelvic cavity

inferior to abdominal cavity

gross anatomy

structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

relies on the use of microscopes

radiologic anatomy

study of the body using x-ray imaging

systematic anatomy

study of the body through different systems

regional anatomy

study of the body through different regions

human variations

situs solitus
situs inversus
situs perversus

situs solitus

normal arrangement

situs inversus

reversed position of organs

situs perversus

one organ atypically positioned

11 organ systems

integumentary
skeletal
muscular
lymphatic
circulatory
urinary
endocrine
digestive
nervous
male & female reproductive

cytology

study of structure and function of cells

basal surface

bottom

apical surface

top

lateral surface

sides

light microscope

uses visible light to produce an imge

transmission & scanning electron microscope

rely on beams of electrons instead of light

major components of cells

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

Cytoplasm

cytoskeleton
organelles
inclusions
cytosol

plasma membrane function

controls what comes in and out of the cell

inclusions

stored cellular products

Cytosol (intracellular fluid)

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

extracellular fluid

fluid outside the cell

interstitial fluid

fluid between cells

intracellular face

the side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm

extracellular face

side that faces outward

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

cholesterol function in membrane

stabilizes the membrane; fluidity in membrane

Glycolipids

cell recognition

membrane proteins

integral and peripheral

integral protein

transmembrane protein that passes through membrane

peripheral protein

adheres to either face of membrane

membrane protein functions

receptors
enzyme
channel/gated channel
cell-identity marker
cell-adhesion molecule
transport protein

receptor protein function

binds to chemical messengers

enzyme protein function

breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect

channel protein function

constantly open & allows solutes to pass in and out cell

Gated channel protein function

opens and closes to allow solutes through at certain times

cell identity marker protein function

distinguishes the body's own cells from foreign cells

cell adhesion protein functions

binds one cell to another

transport proteins

bind to a substance on one side of the membrane & release it on the other side

glycocalyx

barrier between a cell and its surrounding

cellular junctions

link cells together and attach them to the extracellular material

types of junctions

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

tight junctions

sealant

desmosomes

resist stress

gap junctions

communication