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anatomy
The study of body structure and form
Level of human structure
atom molecules organelles cells tissues organs organ systems organism
integumentary system
skin, hair, nails; protection
skeletal system
bones, cartilage; support and movement
Muscular System
skeletal muscles; movement and stability
lymphatic system
lymph nodes, vessels; recovery of excess tissue fluid, defense against disease
respiratory system
nose, lungs; oxygen and carbon dioxide
digestive system
intestines, liver; nutrient breakdown and absorption
nervous system
brain, spinal cord, nerves; internal communication
endocrine system
glands; hormone production
circulatory system
heart, blood vessels; distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes
urinary system
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; elimination of wastes
male reproductive system
testes, vesicles, prostate gland; production & delivery of sperm
female reproductive system
ovaries, uterus, mammary glands; production of eggs
anatomical position
standing feet flat arms at sides palms, face, & eyes facing forward
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
median (midsagittal) plane
Cuts the body into EQUAL left and right planes
parasagittal plane
Divides body into UNEQUAL right and left sides
frontal (coronal) plane
anterior and posterior portions
transverse plane
superior and inferior portions
Anterior
toward the front
posterior
toward the back
ventral
toward the anterior side
dorsal
toward the posterior side
superior
above
inferior
below
cephalic
toward the head
rostral
toward the forehead or nose
caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
medial
Toward the midline of the body
lateral
Away from the midline of the body
proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
distal
away from the point of attachment
ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
contralateral
on the opposite side of the body
superficial
near the surface
deep
away from the surface
axial region
head, neck, trunk
trunk
thoracic and abdominal
4 quadrants
right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
9 regions
right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric, left inguinal
appendicular region
shoulder girdle upper limbs pelvic girdle lower limbs
cranial cavity
contains the brain
vertebral canal
contains the spinal cord & enclosed by vertebral column
viscera
internal organs
meninges
three layers of connective tissue in which the brain and spinal cord are wrapped
thoracic cavity
contains heart and lungs
Mediastinum
space between the lungs occupied by heart
pleural cavity
contains the lungs
pericardial cavity
contains the heart
Pericardium
Membrane surrounding the heart
pleura
Membrane surrounding the lungs
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominal cavity
The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity
pelvic cavity
inferior to abdominal cavity
gross anatomy
structures of the body that are visible to the naked eye
microscopic anatomy
relies on the use of microscopes
radiologic anatomy
study of the body using x-ray imaging
systematic anatomy
study of the body through different systems
regional anatomy
study of the body through different regions
human variations
situs solitus situs inversus situs perversus
situs solitus
normal arrangement
situs inversus
reversed position of organs
situs perversus
one organ atypically positioned
11 organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular lymphatic circulatory urinary endocrine digestive nervous male & female reproductive
cytology
study of structure and function of cells
basal surface
bottom
apical surface
top
lateral surface
sides
light microscope
uses visible light to produce an imge
transmission & scanning electron microscope
rely on beams of electrons instead of light
major components of cells
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
Cytoplasm
cytoskeleton organelles inclusions cytosol
plasma membrane function
controls what comes in and out of the cell
inclusions
stored cellular products
Cytosol (intracellular fluid)
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
extracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
interstitial fluid
fluid between cells
intracellular face
the side of the plasma membrane that faces the cytoplasm
extracellular face
side that faces outward
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
cholesterol function in membrane
stabilizes the membrane; fluidity in membrane
Glycolipids
cell recognition
membrane proteins
integral and peripheral
integral protein
transmembrane protein that passes through membrane
peripheral protein
adheres to either face of membrane
membrane protein functions
receptors enzyme channel/gated channel cell-identity marker cell-adhesion molecule transport protein
receptor protein function
binds to chemical messengers
enzyme protein function
breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effect
channel protein function
constantly open & allows solutes to pass in and out cell
Gated channel protein function
opens and closes to allow solutes through at certain times
cell identity marker protein function
distinguishes the body's own cells from foreign cells
cell adhesion protein functions
binds one cell to another
transport proteins
bind to a substance on one side of the membrane & release it on the other side
glycocalyx
barrier between a cell and its surrounding
cellular junctions
link cells together and attach them to the extracellular material
types of junctions
tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions
tight junctions
sealant
desmosomes
resist stress
gap junctions
communication