NHA CCMA Exam - POCT and Lab Procedures

urinalysis

includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of the urine

hematology

blood cell counts that determine RBCs, WBCs, and platelets of a blood specimen

chemistry

chemicals found in blood, CSF, urine, joint fluid, lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL), fasting glucose

microbiology

studying bacteria, fungi, parasites, yeasts, and viruses

includes blood, urine, sputum, CSF, stool, and wound material

cytology

microscope examination of cells for diagnostic purposes

blood bank

processes and stores blood and blood products for transfusion and blood disorder treatments

pregnancy testing

screening for presence of hCG antibodies

rapid streptococcus testing

throat swab are obtained to screen for group A streptococcus

both sides of posterior throat/tonsil area are swabbed and tested for the presence of a group A antigen

hemoglobin

machine used to screen for the oxygen-carrying protein in whole blood, performed using capillary blood from a fingerstick

spun hematocrit

fingerstick collection of blood is obtained in microcapillary tubes, which are centrifuged and evaluated for the percentage of RBCs

blood glucose

whole blood is analyzed in a glucometer for a quantitative glucose level

screening test for diabetes, performed using capillary blood from a fingerstick

hemoglobin A1C

capillary blood test determines the approximate control of blood glucose over a 3-month period

cholesterol testing

lipids are evaluated from a capillary blood sample

placed on reagent strip and analyzed in a cholesterol testing machine

CLIA-waived testing

could be performed in the home environment or easily conducted in the medical office with minimal risk of incorrect results

quality assurance

comprehensive and relates to policies and procedures that must be implemented for reliability of test results

quality control

related to rest relability and accuracy while attempting to uncover errors and eliminate them

random urine

collected at any time of the day and used for screening purposes

urinates in a clean, nonsterile container

first morning specimen

first urine specimen of the morning in a clean container

more concentrated and is often used for pregnancy tests or when other analytes (protein, nitrites) need to be evaluated

clean-catch midstream

patient cleanses the genitalia area

patient will urinate in the toilet, pause and collect sample in sterile container

used for cultures or when a non-contaminated specimen is required

24-hour sample

patient discards their first morning urine specimen and collects all remaining urination specimens for the next 24 hours, including first morning void of the second day

important in quantitative analysis of components

catheterized collection

used when sterile urine sample is needed or if patients are unable to provide a specimen on their own

pre-analytical phase

provider orders a test to screen, monitor, or diagnose a patient’s condition

a written or electronic requestion is filled out, showing the requested tests to be ordered, the specimen required, and where the specimen will be tested

the specimen is collected, labeled, and processed

the specimen is transported to the lab or properly prepared for offsite laboratory pickup

errors that affect the results - preanalytical phase

inappropriate test request

order entry error

misidentification of the patient

inappropriate container

improperly labeling of specimen

inadequate sample collection

inadequate sample/anticoagulation ratio

analytic phase

instruments are maintained and calibrated

controls are run and analyzed for each testing method

specimen is tested, and results are compared with reference ranges

test results are logged and documented in the patient’s health record

errors that affect the results - analytic phase

equipment malfunctions

sample mix-up

unindicated failure of quality controls

procedures not properly followed

postanalytical phase

specimens are properly discarded

analyses of control results are compared over time

patients reports from outside laboratories are logged and documented

provider interprets and signs all of lab reports

patient is notified of the results in the office or is contacted by lab personnel

final report and all communication with patient are documented in patient’s health record

errors that affect the results - post-analytical phase

failure to report

improper data entry

excessive turnaround time

presbyopia

refractive disorder that occurs with the aging eye

hyperopia

farsightedness

myopia

nearsightedness

ishihara test

vision test to assess for color deficiency

how far from the Snellen eye chart should an adult patient be placed for a visual acuity distance test?

20 feet

to obtain accurate results on spirometry, a patient should be advised to do which of the following?

apply a nose clip

which of the following is a noraml range for the hemoglobin A1C?

less than 5.7%

normal range for total cholesterol

130 to 200 mg/dL

normal range for triglycerides

40 to 150 mg/dL

normal range for fasting glucose

70 to 100 mg/dL

an adult with normal hearing should be able to hear tones at which of the following decibels?

25 decibels

a child with normal hearing should be able to hear tones at which of the following decibels?

15 decibels

which of the following is the number of successful and measured breathing maneuvers that a patient must complete during spirometry testing?

three

which of the following can cause a false positive when obtaining a specimen for fecal occult blood testing?

consuming vitamin c and iron supplements

a normal tympanogram produces a _____ line on the graph

peak

an abnormal tympanogram produces a ___ line on the graph

flat

tympanometry

records movement of tympanic membrane, which can be affected by increased pressure in the middle ear

where are allergy skin testing usually performed?

forearm and upper back

when should wheal occur when doing a skin allergy test?

15 minutes

how far form the snellen eye chart should an adult patient be placed for a visual acuity distance test?

20 feets