US History Oklahoma State Exam Study Guide

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

de jure segregation

segregation by law

de facto segregation

Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Laissez faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

mass production

Process of making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Freedmen's Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

"Robber Baron"

a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest methods

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

"Gospel of wealth"

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Alexander G.Bell

Invented the telephone

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

"Captain of Industry"

a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.

Black Codes

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Jim Crows Laws

laws that segregated whites and blacks in public facilities from drinking fountains to hotel rooms

Juneteenth

June 19th, the date celebrated as the anniversary of Emancipation Day for enslaved people in Texas

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Bessesmer Process

an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities, the first successful method of making steel in quantity at low cost

Women's Suffrage Movement

movement to grant women the right to vote

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Homestead Act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Chief Joseph

Chief of the Mohawks that allied with British to defeat patriots

Quanah Parker

Comanche leader who worked to settle disputes between Native Americans and the US Government

Red Cloud

leader of the Oglala who resisted the development of a trail through Wyoming and Montana by the United States government (1822-1909)

Indian Wars

1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull, the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Susan B. Anthony

social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

Haymarket Riot

1886 labor-related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

reservation

Federal land set aside for Native Americans

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

allotment

An amount of money a member has coming out of his regular pay

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

Open Range

vast areas of grassland owned by the federal government

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

immigration act of 1926

Quotas for foreign foreigners were cut from 3% to 2%

Yick Wo. vs Hopkins

- a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court sided with a Chinese immigrant who challenged a California law that banned him and other Chinese from operating a laundry

Gentlemen's Agreement

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Angel Island

The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.

Ellis Island

an island in New York Bay that was formerly the principal immigration station for the United States

americanization

Belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens

melting pot

society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

"new" versus "old" immigrants

New Immigrants: Often poor and unskilled, were mainly Catholics or Jews from Southern or Eastern Europe, sometimes came alone, usually to settle in cities

Old immigrants: Were mainly Protestants from Northern and Western Europe, came as families to settle on farms with family members or friends, had money, a skill or trade, or an education.