Chapter 11 of human biology by Sylvia S. Mader and Windelspecht, urinary system

removal of metabolic wastes

excretion

urea

waste product of protein metabolism

uremia

elevated level of urea or other protein waste products in the blood

creatinine

from the metabolic processing of nucleotides

gout

A collection of uric acid crystals in joint causing pain and swelling

Maintenance of water-salt balance

The kidneys regulate the water-salt balance, which affects blood volume and blood pressure. The kidneys maintain appropriate blood levels of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, and calcium.

Na+

Sodium

K+

Potassium

HCO3-

Hydrogen Carbonate

Ca2+

Calcium

healthy blood pH

about 7.4

renin

hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressure

aldosterone

adrenal cortex

how do kidneys help endocrine system

secretion of hormones

Reabsorb nutrients and synthesis of vitamin D

function of kidneys

renal capsule

covers outer surface of kidney

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney

ureter

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

3 layers of ureters

inner mucosa, middle muscular layer, and outer connective tissue layer

peristaltic contractions

responsible for forward movement

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

rugae

folds in the stomach

internal sphincter

smooth muscle, involuntary

external sphincter

skeletal muscle, voluntary

micturition

urination

how to pee

stretch receptors are activated, motor nerve impulses from spinal cord cause the bladder to contract and the sphincters to relax

in females the reproductive and urinary systems are ___ connected

not connected.

In males, the urethra carries....

urine during urination and sperm during ejaculation

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

Renal medula (kidney)

inner region of the kidney

renal pyramids

triangular-shaped areas of tissue in the medulla of the kidney

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

nephrons

Functional units of the kidneys

What do nephrons produce?

urine

renal pelvis

central collecting region in the kidney

3 stages of forming urine

glomerular filtration, tubular filtration, and tubular secretion

Filterable blood components

water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, salts (ions)

Nonfilterable blood components

formed elements and plasma proteins

Diabetes mellitus type 1

blood glucose is above normal and glucose appears in the urine

muscles make

creatinine

liver makes

urea

body cells make

uric acid

99% of the Na+ filtered at the glomerulus is ___

returned to the blood

Decreased Na+ reabsorption

Progesterone in the kidneys causes

Osmolarity

total concentration of all solute particles in a solution

water salt balance

helps maintain blood pressure

Diuretics

Drugs that elevate the rate of bodily urine excretion

Acidosis

pH below 7.35

Alkalosis

pH above 7.45

acid-base buffer system

can take up excess H+ or excess hydroxide ions (OH-)

Overwhelmed Buffer

keep pH level in blood, increase breathing rate that rids the body of H+

What else do the kidneys do?

Makes RBCs, regulate amount of CA2+

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

pyelonephritis

kidney infection

Intake of too much calcium

kidney stones

Uremia

accumulation of waste products in the bloodstream

Edema

Fluid accumulation in interstitial spaces.

Hemodialysis

A technique in which an artificial kidney machine removes waste products from the blood

CAPD (Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis)

A gravity exchange process for peritoneal dialysis in which a bag of dialysis fluid is raised above the level of the abdominal catheter to fill the abdominal catheter to drain out fluids