Studied by 44 peopleShah Hahan
________ in Mughal India and the Taj Mahal combined architecture with Islam to show power.
Finances
________- raised money to fund imperial expansion and extend state power.
Ottoman
________ and Mughal taxation- levied taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it (local officials and collectors grew wealthy and corrupt)
Ismail
________- conquered all of Iran was the shah, a king.
Suleiman Mosque
Stanbul of the Ottomans ordered construction of the ________ and buildings of Constantinople which had miniature paintings.
Tributes
________- way to demand recognition of power and authority; form oh wealthy, sign of respect, submission and allegiance.
Safavids
________- used Shia Islam as unifying force; Shah Ismail built power base to support rule and denied legitimacy to Sunni.
South Asia
Control in East and ________- Ming Dynasty in China wanted to erase Mongol influence of the Yuan Dynasty and brought back the civil service exam, established a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy; The Qing Dynasty became corrupt and used harsh military control; military leaders called shoguns ruled Japan and had conflict with daimyo (aristocrats) who had army of samurai, had ambitions to conquer, and power to rule fiefdoms; gunpowder weapons helped powerful daimyo unite Japan.
Monumental architecture
________- Mausolea such as Taj Mahal and mosques in Mughal empire; European palaces such as Palace of Versaille in France.
Aztecs
________- less centralized and bureaucratic; had tributary empire.
Mughal
________- empire weakened by corruption and failure to keep up with military innovations; peasant uprisings and revolts.
Westphalia
Thirty Years War- Catholics vs Protestants led to economic catastrophe, famine, and disease; Peace of ________, allowed areas to pick Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism.
elaborate pilgrimage
Askia the Great of Songhai promoted Islam and made ________ to Mecca.
Incas
________- provinces headed by nobles loyal to the emperor.
Akbar
________- achieved grand religions and political goals.
Suleiman I
________- reached peak; ability of Ottomans to send troops far into Christian Europe.
Peter
________ in Russia- established new industries, encouraged private industries, raised taxes, and compelled workers to work in shipyards for urban extension of serfdoms.
Iran
The Safavids- northern modern- day ________ region and the Arabian Sea but without a real navy; used Shia Islam as a unifying force and denied legitimacy to any Sunni; hostile with Ottomans.
Lutheranism
________- Martin Luther concluded the Church violated biblical teachings, sale of indulgences (granted absolution from punishments of sin) and simony (selling of church offices); wrote the 95 Theses, advocated for faith alone for salvation; women could have direct access to God and promoted womens literacy.
France
Absolutism in ________- directed by one source of power with complete authority; Louis XIII moved to greater central government and development of intendants who were bureaucratic elites sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government; tax farmers who oversaw collection of taxes.
Bureaucracy
Centralized ________- controlled large areas with diverse populations.
Manchu
________- seized power and established the Qing Dynasty; Japan and Korea had parallel developments; expanded China and conquered Mongolia and Central Asia; Great Wall of China.
Protestant Reformation
________- Roman Catholic Church faced challenges in shift from feudalism to centralized governments and was subject to corruption; theological disagreements.
Russia
Control in ________- social hierarchy started with nobles (boyars), merchants, and peasants into serfdom.
Europe
________- end of medieval period and start of early modern period; end of plagues and conclusion of Hundred Years War between France and England; Gutenberg printing press and increased literacy; monarchies launched overseas explorations and established colonies; centralized power by controlling taxes, army, and religion.
Ivan IV
________- boyar class had tension with rulers and opposed expansionist policies, ________ took their land and kept an eye on them; established a paramilitary force loyal to him called oprichnina.
Ottoman Empire
________- dominant religion became Islam; shariah is the strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life.
Gunpowder Empires
________- large, multi- ethnic states in Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories; tended to be militaristic and have armed trade.
Tokugawa shogunate
________- reorganized the government in Japan to centralize control; required that daimyo maintain residences in home territory and the capital, keeping them under control.
Legitimacy
________- united subjects in their loyalty to the state; used religion, art, and monumental architecture.
Mughal India
________- formed a central government in India when it was in disarray; overseas trade flourished and Arab traders conducted commerce; castes are strict social groupings decided at birth.
Shah Abbas
________ I- troops (Christian boys forced into service) pushed into Georgia in Russia; imported weaponry from Europe.
Taxation
________- revenue collection to support the bureaucracy and military.
Mughal toleration
________- Akbar tolerated all religions, even Sikhism developed from Hinduism and influenced by Islamic mysticism (sufism)
Religion
________- Islamic empires used the caliph; European divine right; conversion to Islam of Songhai rulers; Aztec used human sacrifices.
Scientific Revolution
________- during period of schisms, scientific thought represented thinking based on reason rather than faith; empiricism insisted on collection of data to back up hypothesis; challenged traditional ideas and replace them with ones demonstrated by evidence; science showed that the world was ordered and rational and natural laws applied to rational and orderly progress of gov.
Mughal power
________- Akbar defeated Hindu armies and extended the empire; established an efficient government and fairly administered laws in Delhi; paid government officials, zamindars, in charge of certain duties.
Decline of Gunpowder Empires
________- Islamic empires did not modernize and didnt survive as an independent nation- state.
divine right of kings
Centralizing power in Europe- ________ was the claim that the right to rule was given by God and were political and religious authorities.
Centralization of power
________ by controlling taxes, armies, and religion created powerful monarchies.
Songhai empire
________- mansa (sultan) employed from scholarly class educated in schools of Timbuktu.
Calvinism
________- John Calvin broke with Catholic Church; encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits to show God favored their obedience and hard work, indicated position among the elect and secular leadership.
Ottomans
________- European forces defeated ________ in a naval conflict; fell victim to weak sultans and strong European neighbors.
Russia
________- linked to Europe, product of Mongol influence from Central Asia to east and Viking invasions and trading.
Safavid
________- lavish lifestyles and military spending → falling revenues and weak economy; rebellion by the Sunni; weak Safavid and strong Ottomans and Russians.
Ivan IV
________- Ivan the Terrible crowned tsar expanded the Russian border eastward taking control of khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.
Ottoman empire
Art- portraits of Qing emperors and officials; miniature paintings in ________; financial support of European artists.
Europe
end of medieval period and start of early modern period; end of plagues and conclusion of Hundred Years War between France and England; Gutenberg printing press and increased literacy; monarchies launched overseas explorations and established colonies; centralized power by controlling taxes, army, and religion
Russia
linked to Europe, product of Mongol influence from Central Asia to east and Viking invasions and trading
Ivan IV
Ivan the Terrible crowned tsar expanded the Russian border eastward taking control of khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia
Control of Volga
wanted to expand east to control the fur trade and allowed Stroganovs, Russian landowners, to hire Cossacks, warriors, to fight local tribes and the Siberian khan; could trade directly with Persia and the Ottoman Empire
East Asia
Ming rulers managed to stabilize East Asia; Europeans arrived to take part in Asian trade networks
Manchu
seized power and established the Qing Dynasty; Japan and Korea had parallel developments; expanded China and conquered Mongolia and Central Asia; Great Wall of China
Conflict
needed funds, gave trading privileges to Europe but they werent satisfied; bureaucracy was corrupt, response was the White Lotus Rebellion
Gunpowder Empires
large, multi-ethnic states in Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories; tended to be militaristic and have armed trade
Rise of Islamic gunpowder empires
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were descended from Turkic nomads from Central Asia, spoke a Turkic language, took advantage of breakup of Mongol khanates, and relied on gunpowder weapons
Rule of Tamerlane
set rise of Turkic empires w/ army of nomadic invaders; ghazi idea, a model for warrior life; gunpowder built a government dependent on military and protected Silk Roads
The Ottoman Empire
extended into modern-day Turkey, Balkan areas of Europe, North Africa, and Southeast Asia; hostile with Safavids over religion and control of trade routes
Mehmed II
a conqueror, established empires capital Istanbul and prospered with trade; strengthened Ottoman navy and attacked parts of Italy
Suleiman I
reached peak; ability of Ottomans to send troops far into Christian Europe
The Safavids
northern modern-day Iran region and the Arabian Sea but without a real navy; used Shia Islam as a unifying force and denied legitimacy to any Sunni; hostile with Ottomans
Ismail
conquered all of Iran was the shah, a king
Shah Abbas I
troops (Christian boys forced into service) pushed into Georgia in Russia; imported weaponry from Europe
Mughal India
formed a central government in India when it was in disarray; overseas trade flourished and Arab traders conducted commerce; castes are strict social groupings decided at birth
Akbar
achieved grand religions and political goals
Decline of Gunpowder Empires
Islamic empires did not modernize and didnt survive as an independent nation-state
Ottomans
European forces defeated Ottomans in a naval conflict; fell victim to weak sultans and strong European neighbors
Safavid
lavish lifestyles and military spending → falling revenues and weak economy; rebellion by the Sunni; weak Safavid and strong Ottomans and Russians
Mughal
empire weakened by corruption and failure to keep up with military innovations; peasant uprisings and revolts
Centralizing power in Europe
divine right of kings was the claim that the right to rule was given by God and were political and religious authorities
Gentry Officials
justices of the peace where officials selected by the gentry to maintain peace in countries of England, carry out laws, and settle legal matters
English Bill of Rights
assured individual civil liberties and protection against tyranny of the monarchy by requiring agreement of Parliament
Absolutism in France
directed by one source of power with complete authority; Louis XIII moved to greater central government and development of intendants who were bureaucratic elites sent out to provinces to execute orders of the central government; tax farmers who oversaw collection of taxes
Control in Russia
social hierarchy started with nobles (boyars), merchants, and peasants into serfdom
Ivan IV
boyar class had tension with rulers and opposed expansionist policies, Ivan IV took their land and kept an eye on them; established a paramilitary force loyal to him called oprichnina
Peter the Great
Romanov Dynasty took control of Russia; desires and agendas for the Church, conserving traditions, and the boyars; Defender of the Orthodoxy, would lose support of the Russian clergy because of his reforms; reorganized Russian gov
Control in the Ottoman Empire
sultans used a selection system, devshirme, to staff military and the gov., Christian boys were taken to serve the Ottomans and were taught high level education; Janissaries formed the elite forces in the Ottomans and were indoctrinated to be loyal to the sultan
Control in East and South Asia
Ming Dynasty in China wanted to erase Mongol influence of the Yuan Dynasty and brought back the civil service exam, established a national school system, and reestablished the bureaucracy; The Qing Dynasty became corrupt and used harsh military control; military leaders called shoguns ruled Japan and had conflict with daimyo (aristocrats) who had army of samurai, had ambitions to conquer, and power to rule fiefdoms; gunpowder weapons helped powerful daimyo unite Japan
Tokugawa shogunate
reorganized the government in Japan to centralize control; required that daimyo maintain residences in home territory and the capital, keeping them under control
Mughal power
Akbar defeated Hindu armies and extended the empire; established an efficient government and fairly administered laws in Delhi; paid government officials, zamindars, in charge of certain duties
Finances
raised money to fund imperial expansion and extend state power
Peter in Russia
established new industries, encouraged private industries, raised taxes, and compelled workers to work in shipyards for urban extension of serfdoms
Ottoman and Mughal taxation
levied taxes on peasants and used tax farming to collect it (local officials and collectors grew wealthy and corrupt)
Ming Dynasty tax collection
collection responsible by private citizens
Protestant Reformation
Roman Catholic Church faced challenges in shift from feudalism to centralized governments and was subject to corruption; theological disagreements
Lutheranism
Martin Luther concluded the Church violated biblical teachings, sale of indulgences (granted absolution from punishments of sin) and simony (selling of church offices); wrote the 95 Theses, advocated for faith alone for salvation; women could have direct access to God and promoted womens literacy
Calvinism
John Calvin broke with Catholic Church; encouraged to work hard and reinvest their profits to show God favored their obedience and hard work, indicated position among the elect and secular leadership
Anglicanism
King Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage but the pope refused out of parry of Charles V but with the approval of the English Parliament, he made himself head of the new Anglican Church
The Orthodox Church and reforms in Russia
Charles V revitalized concept of universal monarchy and defended the Holy Roman Empire from the Protestant Reformation; Church had been a force unifying the Russian people and tsars; Peter the Great confirmed power over the Church by abolishing the patriarch, the head of Church; established the Holy Synod of clergymen overseen by secular officials who answered to the tsar
Counter-Reformation/Catholic Reformation
fight against the Protestant attacks; used the Inquisition to punish nonbelievers, Jesuits undertook missionary activity, and the Council of Trent which corrected the Churchs abuses; Catholicism remained predominant
Wars of religion
churches and inhabitants forced to practice state religion
France
Catholics vs Huguenots; Edict of Nantes allowing Huguenots to practice their faith and provided religious toleration
Thirty Years War
Catholics vs Protestants led to economic catastrophe, famine, and disease; Peace of Westphalia, allowed areas to pick Catholicism, Lutheranism, or Calvinism
Ottoman Empire
dominant religion became Islam; shariah is the strict Islamic legal system that deals with all aspects of life
Safavids
used Shia Islam as unifying force; Shah Ismail built power base to support rule and denied legitimacy to Sunni
Mughal toleration
Akbar tolerated all religions, even Sikhism developed from Hinduism and influenced by Islamic mysticism (sufism)
Scientific Revolution
during period of schisms, scientific thought represented thinking based on reason rather than faith; empiricism insisted on collection of data to back up hypothesis; challenged traditional ideas and replace them with ones demonstrated by evidence; science showed that the world was ordered and rational and natural laws applied to rational and orderly progress of gov
Military
elite group of soldiers to solidify control over territory
Centralized Bureaucracy
controlled large areas with diverse populations
Ming and Manchu dynasties in China
civil service exams for scholar-gentry
Note
Flashcard