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Ming Dynasty
Last native Chinese dynasty (1368-1644).
Zhu Yuanzhang
Founder of the Ming Dynasty, also known as Emperor Hongwu.
Absolute Monarchy
Centralized power with the emperor at the center.
Ta-Ming Lü
Code of law addressing governance and social needs.
Civil Service Exam
Revived to select officials based on merit.
Tribute System
Reinforced China's superiority and diplomatic relations.
Commercial Revolution
Economic expansion through trade and agriculture.
Admiral Zheng He
Led seven voyages, expanding China's trade networks.
Treasure Fleet
Zheng He's fleet that established trade ties.
Qing Dynasty
Established by Manchus after overthrowing the Ming.
Banner System
Divided population into military and administrative units.
Emperor Kangxi
Promoted stability and cultural continuity in Qing.
Queue Hairstyle
Symbol of submission to Manchu authority.
Canton System
Restricted European trade to the port of Canton.
Macartney Mission
Failed British attempt to expand trade with China.
White Lotus Rebellion
Anti-Qing uprising driven by economic hardship.
Opium Wars
Conflicts over British opium trade in China.
Treaty of Nanjing
Ended First Opium War, granting Britain trade rights.
Second Opium War
Further concessions granted to Britain and France.
Taiping Rebellion
Led by Hong Xiuquan, aimed to overthrow Qing.
Hong Xiuquan
Claimed to be Jesus's brother, led Taiping Rebellion.
Extraterritorial Rights
Legal immunity for British citizens in China.
Most Favored Nation Status
Trade privileges granted to Britain by China.
Lin Zexu
Chinese official who opposed the opium trade.
Economic Hardship
Driving force behind the White Lotus Rebellion.
Self-Strengthening Movement
Cixi's initiative to modernize China with Western technology.
Empress Dowager Cixi
Powerful regent who resisted major reforms in China.
Hundred Days' Reform
1898 attempt for rapid modernization in China.
Kang Youwei
Reformer advocating for modernization during Hundred Days' Reform.
Emperor Guangxu
Young emperor who supported the Hundred Days' Reform.
Open Door Policy
U.S. policy promoting equal trade access in China.
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-foreign movement targeting foreigners and Christians.
Boxer Protocol
1901 agreement imposing penalties on China post-rebellion.
Emperor Pu Yi
Last emperor of the Qing Dynasty, chosen at age two.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Japan's isolationist government before 1868.
Commodore Perry
U.S. naval officer who pressured Japan to open trade.
Treaty of Kanagawa
1854 agreement granting U.S. access to Japanese ports.
Meiji Restoration
1868 movement restoring imperial rule and modernization in Japan.
Meiji Reforms
Changes in Japan focusing on military, education, and industry.
European-Style Constitution
1889 constitution establishing a parliamentary system in Japan.
May Fourth Movement
1919 nationalist protest against the Treaty of Versailles.
Kuomintang Party
Nationalist party led by Sun Yat-sen overthrowing Qing.
Sun Yat-sen
Leader advocating for modernization and unity in China.
Three Principles of the People
Sun Yat-sen's principles: unity, democracy, and living standards.
Unequal Treaties
Agreements favoring foreign powers over China post-war.
Nationalism
Political ideology promoting national unity and independence.
Westernization
Adoption of Western ideas and technologies in Japan.
Industrialization
Economic transformation supporting rapid growth in Japan.
Literacy Rates
Surged to 90% in Japan by 1900, showcasing modernization.
