Exam 1 Bio 181 - Anatomy & Physiology Review

Practice flashcards covering key concepts from Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1, including cell structure, membrane function, tissue types, and specific physiological processes.

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

Phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

What is the definition of cytoplasm?

The fluid portion of the cell plus cell organelles.

Which of the following statements are true for the plasma membrane?

It is selectively permeable, contains glycoproteins, and contains cholesterol.

What substances can the lipid bilayer permeate?

Fat-soluble vitamins, steroids, oxygen, and water except amino acids.

What type of process is endocytosis?

An active process.

What is necessary for diffusion to occur?

A concentration gradient.

How is the plasma membrane described?

A phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell.

Name a function of the plasma membrane that is not true.

It does not prevent potassium ions from leaking out.

What best describes active transport?

Requires a carrier protein or pump and cellular energy.

What organelle is responsible for the packaging and sorting of proteins?

Golgi complex.

Where does protein synthesis occur?

On the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

What are the 'powerhouses' of the cell?

Mitochondria.

What is the function of peroxisomes?

To detoxify substances by enzymatic action.

Which organelle helps detoxify the blood in the liver?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Where does the process of translation take place?

On the ribosomes.

Where are calcium ions stored in certain types of muscle cells?

In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

What structures increase the absorbing surface of cells?

Microvilli.

How does a greater concentration gradient affect diffusion?

It increases the rate of diffusion.

What is the main distinction of active transport compared to passive transport?

It can move substances from low to high concentrations.

What is the major function of ribosomes?

To synthesize proteins.

In the scenario of a semipermeable membrane separating two solutions, where would water move?

From solution A to solution B.

What happens to a red blood cell placed in pure water?

It will swell and burst.

What occurs when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?

The cells will lose water and shrink.

What type of tissue is always avascular?

Epithelial tissue.

What tissue lines body cavities?

Epithelial tissue.

What type of epithelial tissue can change shapes as it stretches?

Transitional epithelium.

Goblet cells are found in which type of tissue?

Columnar epithelium.

What type of epithelium allows diffusion to occur?

Simple squamous epithelium.

Which tissue type is often ciliated?

Columnar epithelium.

What determines the naming of different types of epithelia?

Cell shape and the number of layers of cells.

Which tissue type functions in support and protection?

Connective tissue.

Which epithelial types function in absorption and secretion?

Columnar epithelium and cuboidal epithelium.

What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

Protection.

What classification does pseudostratified epithelium fall under?

Simple epithelium.

Which tissue contains a large amount of extracellular matrix?

Connective tissue.

What types of cells can be found in connective tissue?

Fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, and mast cells.

What is a characteristic of a single layer of cuboidal cells lining a duct?

Simple cuboidal epithelium.

Where is a basement membrane always present?

Between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue.

Which connective tissue fibers return to their original shape when stretched?

Elastic fibers.

To which tissue does cartilage belong?

Connective tissue.

What type of connective tissue contains both chondrocytes and elastic fibers?

Elastic cartilage.

What is the main function of dense connective tissue?

Support.

What major tissue type does blood belong to?

Connective tissue.

What lines body cavities that open directly to the exterior?

Epithelial tissue.

Which tissue contains a large amount of elastic connective tissue?

Wall of arteries.

What is the tissue specialized for contraction?

Muscle tissue.

To which tissue do neuroglial cells belong?

Nervous tissue.

Which tissue would most likely have the best blood supply?

Skeletal muscle.

What characteristic do absorptive cells of the digestive tract have?

Microvilli.

What is not found in cartilage but is found in bone?

Blood vessels.

What classification does ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium fall under?

Epithelial classification.

What is connective tissue matrix composed of?

Fibers and ground substance.

Which statement is true of connective tissue?

Collagen fibers provide high tensile strength.

What type of glands secrete products directly into the blood?

Endocrine glands.

What type of epithelium appears to have multiple layers but is in contact with the basement membrane?

Pseudostratified.