Endterm•Philosophy Reviewer

Man

It is the term commonly used to represent the entire human race.

Human Nature

It is a general term which refers to the deepest and natural behavior of a person that distinguish human from animals. It consists of collective traits that formed and considered the very essence of humanity. Influenced by culture and society. Physical and Cognitive Self.

Human Person

It is the term used to describe humans who are not just mere humans different from animals but with inherent birth rights and exact origin of his her classification. Body with a soul, mind, and spirit.

Body

The physical aspect of our being, composed of matter and form. Tangible, enable us to do and experience all the things that makes us human persons.

Soul

The divine spark within us, connecting us to something greater than ourselves The immaterial aspect of our being, intermediary between body and spirit.

Spirit

Intangible element that enables us to exercise our thoughts, emotions, and desires, and the capacity to reach out to the outside world.

Function of the Body

Senses, movement, biological processes.

Function of the Soul

Love, faith, and connection to the divine.

Function of the Spirit

Creativity, reasoning, emotion, perception, will.

Tripartite Relationship

Spirit

The driving force behind our actions and motivations.

Soul

The intermediary between body and spirit.

Body

The physical vessel that houses our soul and spirit.

Human

refers to a man as a species - Homo Sapiens or Modern human beings

Person

human being granted with recognition of certain rights, protection, responsibilities, and dignity.

Personhood

The state of being a person.

Dualism

Body and soul are separate. Plato and Descartes explored dualism, suggesting that the soul is distinct from the physical body.

Plato’s Perspective

Pre-Existence, Immortality, Physical World as a Shadow.

Plato’s Perspective (Soul)

Immortal and Eternal

Plato’s Perspective (Body)

Mortal and temporary.

Plato’s Perspective (Spirit)

Connection to the divine realm.

Descartes’ Legacy

Mind as Non-Physical

Mental phenomena are distinct from the physical body.

Mind-Body Separation

The mind can process independently of the body.

Epistemological Argument

Descartes' emphasis on thought establishes an argument about how we come to know truths.

Monism

The body and soul are united.

Holistic View (Monism)

Monism argues that body and soul are not separate but a unified whole, with the body being the matter and the soul the form.

Christian Perspective (Monism)

Christianity views humans as "embodied souls," where the body expresses the inner self, and both are creations of God.

Qualities of an Embodied Spirit

Self-Awareness

The ability to perceive oneself, including thoughts, emotions, and actions.

Self-Determination

The capacity to make choices, monitor actions, and be goal-oriented.

Social Being

Humans rely on each other for survival, support, and development.

Dignity

The innate right to be valued and respected, rooted in human nature.

Human Limitations and Transcendence

Boundary Situations

We experience limitations such as tragedy, conflicts, and death.

Transcendence

The ability to surpass limits and overcome challenges.

Reason and Control

Humans can govern their tendencies and exercise them within reason.

The Embodied Spirit

Our physical body is essential to our experience of the world. Our spirit enables us to perceive, think, and feel. Our soul connects us to something greater than ourselves.

Self Awareness

refers to the person having a clear perception of oneself, including his or her thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions driven by rationality.

Self

the person who is actively aware that he or she is perceiving and experiencing reality.

Interiority

the quality of being focused on one's inner life and identity. It enables a person to exercise creativity and allows a person to create goals, dreams, and plans.

Self Determination

capability of persons to make decisions and choices based on their own preferences, monitor and regulate actions, and be goal-oriented and self-directed.

Free Will

it is the capacity to choose a course of action from various alternatives.

Consequence

it is the result or effect of an action or condition

Morality

is about the rules of right and wrong that guide people's actions, often influenced by culture, religion, or personal beliefs.

Man as a social being

humans rely on one another for survival, emotional support, and the development of culture, morality, and identity.

Man has a dignity

innate right to be valued and respected. It is rooted in the nature of the human. The recognition of it also the basis of human rights.

Deep Ecology

it emphasizes a holistic view, where humans are seen as part of a larger ecological system rather than its masters. It assumes that all living things possess equal value and intrinsic worth regardless of their usefulness or utility to other beings (Naess,1973).

Social Ecology

it argues that ecological problems are rooted in social issues, particularly the domination of humans over nature as an extension of human-to-human domination. Societies that are structured around hierarchies as well as economic classes use their authority to dominate natural resources and exploit the environment for profit and self-interest. (Bookchin, 1982).

Environmental Philosophy

Discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings with the environment and its non-human contents.

Anthropocentrism

“man is the center of the environment” focuses on the significant role of humankind in the world and considers nature as the means by which humans are able to meet their needs and survive

Biocentrism

believes that humans are not only significant species on the planet, and that all organisms have inherent value and should be protested. This view drives the activities of humane organizations that advocate the ethical treatment of animals.

Ecocentrism

places great value on ecosystems and biological communities. This view believes that humankind is part of a greater biological system or community and that we have significant role as stewards or guardians of nature.

Sustainable Development

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future generation.

Environmental Integrity

refers to maintaining the state of the environment. This means that human activities should not disrupt the ecosystem and human communities located in the area.

Economic Efficiency

refers to prudence in decision-making regarding the use of resources to ensure that there is minimum to zero waste.

Prudence

the ability to regulate one’s actions and behavior.

Frugality

being thrifty with the use of one’s resources.

Equity

demands that we use our natural resources in such a manner that these are conserved so that the next generation will be able to use them.

Death

→ Is a universal phenomenon experience by humanity, which is the lost of life of the human body.

→ Is commonly understood as the end of bodily functions which signals the end of a persons life.

Happiness

Based on our overall evaluation of our life experiences. Based on Noble Goods

Noble Good

Pursued for its own sake

Useful Good

Benefits the person at the end. Based on what it can provide

Pleasurable Good

In the form of pleasure or satisfaction.

Suffering

Unpleasantness, discomfort, pain both physically and mentally. Gives happiness meaning