Virginia Tech BMSP 2135 RAT #1: 1.1-1.4, 7.1

the book is arranged in _____________

modules

each module begins with *what*

learning outcomes

the book has ____________ and __________ boosts periodically to help with difficult material

concept, study

SQ3R method

survey, question, read, recite, review

Characteristics of Living Organisms

CEG RRMM

cellular composition, excretion, growth, responsiveness, reproduction, movement, metabolism

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Metabolism*

_______________ are substances with unique molecule composition that are used in or produced by chemical processes

chemicals

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Metabolism*

metabolism = ____________ processes carried out by living organisms

chemical

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Metabolism*

*this type of metabolism* is described as "building" processes

anabolism

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Metabolism*

*this type of metabolism* is described as "breaking down" processes

catabolism

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Growth*

growth occurs when there is (more/less) anabolism than catabolism

more

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Growth*

2 forms of growth:

(1) an increase in _______ of individual cells and/or

(2) an increase in the # of cells

size

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Responsiveness/Irritability*

_______________ are changes in the environment of living organisms that they sense and react to

stimuli

*Characteristics of Living Organisms - Reproduction*

2 forms of reproduction in multicellular organisms:

(1) individual cells reproduce within the organism during growth and to replace damaged or old cells

(2) the organism reproduces to yield ____________ similar to itself

offspring

*6 Structural Levels of Organization*

chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

each level builds on the next as "_____________ _________"

life begins at the cell

building blocks

*11 Organ Systems*

NICER DRUMS L

nervous, integumentary, cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary, muscular, skeletal, lymphatic

*this approach of anatomy* views anatomy by looking at individual organ systems

systemic anatomy

*this approach of anatomy* views anatomy by dividing the body into regions such as the back or head & neck

regional anatomy

*this approach of anatomy* examines structures that can be seen with the unaided eye, such as organs and organ systems

gross anatomy

*this approach of anatomy* examines structures that require the aid of a microscope

examples of topics within this field: histology (study of tissues) and cytology (study of cells)

microscopic anatomy

physiological specializations are classified according to the *what*

for example, neurophysiology studies the brain and nerves. Cardiovascular physiology studies the heart and blood vessels.

organ or organ system being studied

true or false: some physiologists study the body's chemical and cellular processes, and other study specific tissues or organs

integumentary system includes *what organs/structures*?

skin, nails, hair

the integumentary system

(1) protects the body from the external environment

(2) produces __________ ____

(3) retains water

(4) regulates body temperature

vitamin D

the skeletal system includes *what*

bones, joints

the skeletal system

(1) supports the body

(2) protects internal organs

(3) provides ____________ for movement

(4) produces blood cells

(5) stores calcium salts

leverage

the muscular system includes skeletal muscles

the muscular system

(1) produces movement

(2) controls _________ _____________

(3) generates heat

body openings

the lymphatic system includes *what*

tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymphatic vessels

the lymphatic system

(1) returns excess tissue fluid to the ________________ system

(2) provides immunity (protection against disease)

cardiovascular

the respiratory system includes *what*

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

the respiratory system

(1) delivers oxygen to the blood

(2) removes carbon dioxide from the body

(3) maintains the _____________ balance of the blood

acid-base

the digestive system includes *what*

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine

the digestive system

(1) digests food

(2) absorbs ____________ into the blood

(3) removes food waste

(4) maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

nutrients

the nervous system includes *what*

brain, spinal cord, nerves

the nervous system

(1) regulates ________ ____________

(2) provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

body functions

the endocrine system includes *what*

pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries (female), testes (male)

the endocrine system

(1) regulates body functions

(2) regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called ________________

hormones

the cardiovascular system includes *what*

heart, blood vessels

the cardiovascular system

(1) pumps and delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and _______________ blood to the tissues

(2) removes wastes from the tissues

(3) transports cells, nutrients, and other substances

oxygen-rich

the urinary system includes the *what*

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

the urinary system

(1) removes metabolic wastes from the blood

(2) maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

(3) stimulates _________ ______ production

blood cell

the reproductive system includes, for males, the *what*

prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis

the reproductive system includes, for females, the *what*

mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina

the reproductive system, for males,

(1) produces and transports _________

(2) secretes hormones

(3) sexual function

sperm

the reproductive system, for females,

(1) produces and transports ___________ (eggs)

(2) site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation

(3) secretes hormones

(4) sexual function

oocytes

describe anatomical position

- body is standing upright

- feet are shoulder width apart

- upper limbs are at the sides of the trunk

- head and palms are facing forward

left and right in anatomical figures are the right and left of the ________ we are describing, not our own right and left

body

the body is divided into 2 regions

1. ________ region = head, neck, trunk

2. _________________ region = upper and lower limbs

axial, appendicular

the ____________ plane divides the body into right and left sections

sagittal

midsagittal plane = ___________ plane

median

_______________ plane divides body or body part into unequal right and left sections

parasagittal

the frontal plane, also called the _____________ plane, divides the body or body part into anterior and posterior sections

coronal

the _____________ plane (horizontal plane or a cross section) divides the body or body part into superior and inferior parts; also divides the appendicular region into proximal and distal parts

transverse

an ____________ plane can be taken at any angle

oblique

x-rays use ____________ _______________ to produce an image of internal body structures

ionizing radiation

computed tomography (CT) scans use ionizing radiation to gather data, which is then fed into a computer to produce a *what*

3-dimensional image

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is produced by placing the body within a *what*. A computer compiles data from the scan and produces a 3-dimensional image.

magnetic field

how many bones does a typical adult have?

206

basic parts of the skeleton are....

skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lover limbs

the 2 categories of bones found in the skull are ___________ bones (encase the brain) and __________ bones (framework of the face)

cranial, facial

the vertebral column consists of 33 bones called vertebrae

first 24 bones are individual vertebrae that encase the ___________ _______

the 2 inferior bones, the sacrum and coccyx, are made up of fused vertebrae

spinal cord

the thoracic cage (rib cage) consists of ____ pairs of ribs, the sternum, and part of the vertebral column

12

the pectoral girdle consists of the clavicle and __________

scapula

the upper limb consists of the

(1) ___________

(2) radius and ulna

(3) carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

humerus

the pelvic girdle consists of 2 pelvic bones and the sacrum

each pelvic bone has 3 fused bones: ilium, ischium, _________

pubis

the lower limb consists of

(1) femur

(2) _________ and _________

(3) tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

tibia and fibula

the axial skeleton forms the ________________ axis of the body; consists of skull bones, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

the appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles

longitudinal

*Bone Markings*

______________ are clefts of varying depth in a bone; located where a bone meets another structure, such as another bone or a blood vessel

depressions

*Bone Markings: depressions*

*this depression* is a shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate; flat surface that forms a joint with another facet or flat bone

facet

*Bone Markings: depressions*

*this depression* is an indentation in a bone which another structure fits

fossa

*Bone Markings: depressions*

*this depression* is a shallow pit

fovea

*Bone Markings: depressions*

*this depression* is a long indentation along which a narrow structure travels; "trench"

groove/sulcus

*Bone Markings*

____________ are holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone; permit access to the middle and inner ear; encase delicate structures and protect them from trauma

openings

*Bone Markings: Openings*

*this opening* is a tunnel through a bone

canal/meatus

*Bone Markings: Openings*

*this opening* is a narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones; elongated hole/crack

fissure

*Bone Markings: Openings*

*this opening* is a hole in a bone

foramen

*Bone Markings*

____________________ are bony extensions of varying shapes and sizes; some provide locations for attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments; some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints

projections

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

condyle

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a moderately raised ridge

crest

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a round projection from a bone's epiphysis

head

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a small, rounded bony projection

a tubercle is a smaller version of this projection

tuberosity

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a small bump near a condyle; bump on a bump

epicondyle

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a prominent bony projection; general name for any bone projection or significantly raised area

process

*Bone Markings: projections*

*this projection* is a sharp process; similar to a crest but raised more; "thorn"

spine