history study guide time

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"Pickett's Charge"

During the third day at Gettysburg, General Pickett led a charge to attack Cemetery Ridge

The plan was to march up an open field for 3 quarters of a mile, break through Union lines, and then bully the soldiers there

When it came time to do it, they failed

The soldiers got shot at on their way and retreated, though some were able to briefly break through

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition.

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms.

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/No Double Jeopardy.

13th Amendment

abolished slavery

14th Amendment

Can't discriminate rights on basis of race

15th Amendment

Can't discriminate voting on basis of race

18th and 21st Amendments (Prohibition)

With the 18th Amendment, they got rid of alcohol. Then they added it back with the 21st because everyone hated the 18th Amendment.

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms or 10 years.

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18.

27th Amendment

Congress cannot give itself an immediate pay raise.

40 acres and a mule

Farmer Starter Kit for freed slaves

1968 Chicago Democratic Convention

A bunch of protesters outside were protesting the Vietnam War. They got beat up by police. This didn't cause too much outrage, people were more like "good, those darn kids were out of line and needed a nice beating"

Abigal Adams

John Adams' wife. Advocate for women's suffrage

Abolitionism

Slavery is not good

Abraham Lincoln

President Guy

Anti-slavery

However, at the start, the war was not about slavery

If they openly fought against slavery, they would anger the border states

Adolf Hitler

German dictator who led Nazi Germany against the Allies in World War II

AIDS

Soopah-dangerous disease. Originally affecting gay men, no one really cared. But then it started affecting everyone so people started to care. It was super scary because once you got it you were already basically dead.

AIM/Alcatraz/Wounded Knee

AIM was the American Indian Movement. It was a group created to fight the mistreatment and discrimination against Native American people.

They occupied Alcatraz for a while as a statement to show that a lot of their reservations were basically just prisons. It also brought them attention.

They also occupied the town of Wounded Knee in South Dakota. This is because many years earlier, many Native Americans were murdered at the same town. This brought a lot of attention to the issues these people were facing.

Allied Powers

Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France, and a TON more

American Dream

A family of 4. The father works. The mother cooks. The older brother plays baseball and the younger sister plays Roblox or whatever I dunno

Andrew Johnson

After Lincoln died, this guy stepped up. However, he didn't really have the same ideas as Lincoln and no one liked him.

He undid all the work that Lincoln did kinda, and allowed the south to run rampant by removing the troops and stuff

Articles of Confederation

Janky early constitution. Kinda sucked. No federal taxes, no federal army. A "firm league of friendship." Made the government very weak. They could not tax or have an army.

Atomic / Hydrogen bombs

War has changed. Nuclear bombs mean that entire cities can be wiped out in seconds.

Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima/Nagasaki)

Two atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, kill many and destroy cities.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, Japan, and a few more

Battle of Antietam

Battle where McClellan found Lee's plans.

He didn't use them at first but eventually he did

He was able to bring the battle to a draw and Lee retreateds

Even though McClellan technically won, Lincoln was still mad because he didn't chase after Lee

This victory allowed Lincoln to release the Emancipation Proclamation

Battle of Bull Run / Manassas

First major land battle of the Civil War

Major Southern victory

2000 casualties from the South and 3000 from the North

Showed that the war would be lengthy and bloody

North did not give up
South learned that the war wouldn't be as easy as they thought

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutionary War. It involved the British repeatedly charging up a hill until they won the battle. Even though the colonists lost, they were still happy because they had less casualties and also thought that the only reason they lost was because they didn't have enough ammunition.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

1st battle of the Revolutionary War. The shot heard round the world was the first shot that killed a redcoat.

Battle of Saratoga

Massive American victory over British troops. Was a turning point in the Revolution because it made the French join the colonists through the Treaty of Alliance.

Led to the Southern Campaign: The British thought they'd have better luck in the South, where they thought there were more loyalists. Unfortunately, they had some trouble there

Bay of Pigs

Unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by Brigade 2506, a group of Cuban exiles supported by the U.S. They had a plan that kind of didn't work because Cuba was waiting for them. This made America look really silly.

Ben Franklin

Famous. Likeable. They used him as a friendly face to promote their ideas and stuff.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy during WW2

Berlin Wall

A wall between East and West Berlin. It was built by East Germany because East Germany kinda sucked and too many people were going over West

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments.

Black Codes

Laws in the south that basically kept black people in slavery

Black Panther Party for Self Defense

A group which realized that police weren't really helping Black people. So they openly carried guns for self defense.

Black Tuesday / Stock Market Crash

Massive stock market crash because people realized the stuff they invested in wasn't actually that valuable. Led to the Great Depression.

Bleeding Kansas

Kansas was about to become a state. They were using Popular Sovereignty. So a bunch of abolitionists and pro-slavery people went into Kansas to vote. Led to a lot of violence.

Booms

Economic boom
Marriage boom
Baby boom
Housing boom

Boston Massacre

Event in which 5 colonists died after being shot by British soldiers. There was a giant mob of 50-60 people who were harassing some soldiers, and in the confusion the soldiers shot. Led to a lot of propaganda.

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court undid Plessy v. Ferguson and destroyed segregation in schools. Realistically this didn't instantly fix everything.

Busing

A controversial system in which children would be put on long bus rides into different school systems to achieve a racial balance in them. This was created because the desegregation of schools wasn't happening fast enough. On paper the idea is alright but in practice it really sucks.

California Gold Rush

Gold got discovered in California so a bunch of people moved there. Population grew from around 1000 to 100,000 in 2 years. Allowed California to become a state.

Carpetbaggers

People who took advantage of poor sharecroppers
"bro that gold? i'll give you 50 cents"

Central High School / Little Rock 9

A group of Black kids who were supported by the government to go to white schools

Challenger Explosion

The Challenger shuttle's launch was televised. It had a teacher on board and she was gonna teach lessons while in space. It was gonna be awesome. But the head people at NASA didn't listen to the stereotypical scientist guy who said not to launch, and the rocket launched on an abnormally cold day. The rubber on an O-ring became brittle and leaked stuff everywhere which led to an explosion and the death of everyone on-board.

Checks and Balances

The government is set up so that all branches are equal in power. Each branch can check another. Here are some checks.

Executive branch can check legislative branch by: using veto to reject laws; vice-president breaks ties in Senate

Executive branch can check judicial branch by: pardoning people; nominates/appoints judges


Legislative branch can check executive branch by: power of impeachment; can override veto with a 2/3 vote; approves treaties

Legislative branch can check judicial branch by: power of impeachment; approves/confirms judges


Judicial branch can check legislative branch by: ruling laws unconstitutiona

Judicial branch can check executive branch by: declaring executive orders unconstitutional

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

After the Boston Tea Party, Britain was pretty annoyed. They used the Coercive Acts to shut down Boston's port until they paid for the tea, let the government break up public meetings, and let British soldiers be tried in Great Britain

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that explained why the king was bad in simple language for the everyman.

Confederate Capital

Richmond, Virginia

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia to "edit" the articles of Confederation. However, they secretly made a completely new Constitution, because the old one was so garbage

Cuban Missile Crisis

The US discovered nukes in Cuba. So they were all like "get them nukes out of Cuba!" and blocked ships coming into Cuba. But the USSR thought that was an act of war so they got all mad. It seemed like the world would end, but then they were like "hey man we'll take em out if you secretly take your missiles out of Turkey"

D-Day

Allies stormed beaches at Normandy. Worked because the Germans expected them to storm a region called Pas de Calais. It was a big victory.

Declaration of Independence

John Adams argued for it. Thomas Jefferson wrote it. Ben Franklin got people to like it (or "schmoozed" it). There are 3 parts to it. The first part talks about the rights of man. The second part is complaining about the King. The third part says that the colonies were free.

The Declaration declared the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This was appropriated from John Locke's 3 natural rights: life, liberty, and property.

It complained about taxes, soldiers living among us, and the King controlling judges.

Domino Theory

The theory that said that if one country "fell" to Communism, others around it would also fall.

Douglas MacArthur

Leader of Allies in Pacific

Dred Scott Decision

Dred Scott was an enslaved person who went to court to try to buy his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled against him. Their decision said that enslaved people could not have access to the court system.

Duck and Cover

Remember to duck under your desk if nuclear bombardment is imminent. But it won't help. It's just to make people feel safer.

Dust Bowl

Pretty bad time for farmers during the Great Depression. They farmed the ground badly and there was a terrible drought that stopped all crops.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Leader of Allies in Europe

Eisenhower Interstate System

Eisenhower created the interstate highway. It was built both for the everyman's automobile, but also for military reasons. I think there are areas you can land a plane on at certain places on every highway. I should try that out in GTA someday.

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's wife. Very important. Supported women's and civil rights.

Election of 1860

Lincoln - Republican, anti-slavery
Breckinridge - Democrat, state's rights, wanted federal government to mind its own business
Bell - Constitution and Union supporter
Douglas - Democrat, tried to appeal to everyone, ended up appealing to no one

Electoral College

There are 538 electors in the electoral college. Each state has a certain amount. If a presidential candidate wins a state, they get to choose the electors from that state who vote in the electoral college. A candidate needs 270 electoral college votes to win. They need OVER 50%. The vote goes to the house if no one has over 50%.

Ellis Island

This is an island in New York Harbor. It is where most immigrants arrive and represents the opportunity that America offers.

Elvis

Made rock and roll mainstream by being white

Emancipation Proclamation

Said it would free all enslaved people in the states that were in rebellion against the government of the U.S. (all the confederate states)

Didn't actually free any enslaved people (south was like "no lol" because Lincoln wasn't their president in their view). This was more of a political power move.

Lincoln didn't release it immediately, he waited for a victory (this victory was the Battle of Antietam

Did 3 things
1. Made the war a fight against slavery. This stopped abolitionist nations from helping the South (like Great Britain)
2. Allowed African-Americans to join the U.S. Army, which would give the U.S. a ton more soldiers
3. Might've maybe sorta kinda somewhat caused enslaved people to work less hard (not quantifiable)

Emmett Till

Was murdered horrifically. This brought attention to the terrible treatment of Black people in the South.

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment)

A proposed amendment that would guarantee equal rights for men and women. It's kind of debated whether it actually passed or not.

Executive Branch

President, Vice President, Cabinet. Within the Cabinet's departments there are groups like the FBI, CIA, and IRS. The Executive Branch enforces laws.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Symbolized the end of the Cold War. East German people suddenly started going "hey can we cross the border" and the government basically said "alright lol" and that's it that's how the wall came down. It also got blasted with sledgehammers and stuff.

Federalist Papers

85 letters wrote by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay to convince people to adopt the new constitution.

Flappers

Women in the 1920s who didn't follow societal norms

Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter was being built in Charleston SC

SC was mad because they thought of it as an invasion

First shots of the Civil War

Quick battle

Led to lots of anger and many people signing up to fight

Some more states seceded including North Carolina

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic president. Created the New Deal. He beat Hoover and represented hope for the American people to get out of the Depression. A lot of people thought he was an epic gamer, but some people thought he was like a dictator because he served for 4 terms and sometimes strayed close to taking a lil' too much power.

Franklin's role at the Constitutional Convention

Franklin was there to validate their mission. Also, he was old and had a lot of experience.

Frederick Douglass

Guy who escaped slavery. He became an important abolitionist and was a great speaker. Also supported woman's suffrage.

French and Indian War

War between the British and the French in America. The British won a bunch of land.

George McClellan

After a bunch of high-ranking people in the U.S. Army left to fight for the South (including Robert E. Lee), Lincoln needed a man to be in charge. McClellan was that man.

Great strategist

Didn't execute on his plans (had a "case of the slows")

Big ego

Retreated a lot.

In the Peninsula campaign he planned to capture Richmond but failed miserably due to being too slow

Gettysburg Address

Gettysburg Address

At a ceremony to honor the dead soldiers, Lincoln spoke

He said that we must make sure they did not die in vain

At the time people thought the speech sucked because it was really short and they thought he was being insensitive by talking about the war

Gettysburg Summary

North captured Culp's Hill, Little Round Top, and the ridge in between.

The South tried to capture them but failed

Was the turning point in the East

South lost 40% of troops, North lost 25%

Glass Ceiling

It's hard for women to climb the company ladder and get into leadership roles in a company. However, it's really hard to notice this discrimination on a cursory glance.

Greensboro Sit-ins

Initially 4 kids from North Carolina A&T sat in at a lunch counter at Woolworths. This sparked a larger movement to desegregate lunch counters and other places around the country.

Gulf War

Iraq invaded Kuwait and took over its oil and the country as a whole. The U.S. among other countries helped Kuwait. They bombed Baghdad. Then, ground troops moved in and eventually we negotiated a treaty that imposed restrictions on Iraq.

Harlem Renaissance

People like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale helped create a massive explosion of African-American culture in Harlem in the 20s and 30s and whatever

Holocaust

Hitler attempts to wipe out anyone who doesn't conform to his idea of the master race.

Invention of the Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin in the late 1700s. This increased the efficiency of cotton production. This led to higher cotton demand and therefore more people getting enslaved and forced to work on plantations

Iranian Hostage Crisis

The Shah of Iran was overthrown and dipped to the U.S. But Iranian people were mad because they wanted him in Iran so that they could put him on trial. But the U.S. said no so some Iranian people took 52 American people from the U.S. embassy hostage. They were held there for more than a year, right up until Reagan was sworn in. These whole shenanigans made the U.S. look pretty stupid.

Iron Curtain

The iron curtain is the divide between some countries in Europe and the rest of the world due to Soviet influence. For example, East Germany was cut off from the rest of the world.

Island-Hopping (Okinawa/Iwo Jima)

Both Japan and the U.S. used this technique. They would get to an island, fight, and then use it as a base to get to another island.

The U.S. won victories in Okinawa and Iwo Jima, but the Japanese were fighting very hard and the Americans lost many men.

Isolationism

A policy that the U.S. formed after WWI where they wouldn't get involved in foreign stuff because the last time they did it (WWI) it sucked.

Japanese-American Internment

Americans were scared of the Japanese during World War II. Naturally, the solution was to capture the Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast and move them into camps.

Jefferson Davis

Confederate President

JFK

Democrat in the early 60s. Youngest president. Directly followed Eisenhower who was an old guy. Was important because he showed that it was time for a new generation to enter American society.

Handled Bay of Pigs, Cuban missile crisis, and set the challenge to get to the moon.

JFK Inaugural Address

Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country

Talked about how he was going to work for the younger generation

John Adams

Lawyer patriot who helped pardon the soldiers from the Boston Massacre. Eventually became the 2nd President.