Neuroanatomy I Final Exam

Tectum

What forms the roof of the midbrain?

Tectum

What is composed of a quadrigeminal plate with four collicular bodies?

Endorphins and enkephalins

What is located in the periaqueductal gray substance of the cerebral aqueduct besides nuclei for CN III and IV?

Cerebral peduncles

What is located ventral or anterior to the cerebral aqueduct?

CN IV

What is the smallest cranial nerve?

CN IV

What CN travels further inside the cranial vault than any other?

Ventral from the interpeduncular fossa

What is the apparent origin of CN III?

Oculomotor nerve

Which cranial nerve carries preganglionic parasympathetic information from the edinger-westphal nucleus?

Superior colliculi

Which colliculi deals with visual reflexes?

Inferior colliculi

Which colliculi deals with auditory reflexes?

Tectospinal tract

Which tract influences neurons in the upper cervical area by way of the spinal accessory nerve?

Tectum

Lesions of this area don't impair our voluntary eye movements/vision, but they do impair our perception of movement in our field of vision. Where is this?

Medial geniculate body

Where does the lateral lemniscus terminate?

Optic tract

Where does the lateral geniculate body receive information from?

Tegmentum

What area of the cerebral peduncles is just ventral to the cerebral aqueduct?

Tegmentum

What part of the midbrain is the reticular formation located?

Red nucleus

What is divided into an inferior large magnocellular area and a superior small highly vascular parvocellular area?

Contralateral motor responses necessary for postural control and muscle tone control primarily in flexor musculature

What is the function of the red nucleus?

Substantia nigra

What is located between the tegmentum and the crus and contains large amounts of melanin?

Substantia nigra

The basal ganglia sends information back and forth with what structure of the midbrain?

Corpus Striatum

What do the caudate and putamen nuclei collectively make up a large portion of?

Paralysis Agitans

What was the original name for Parkinson's disease?

Resting tremor and shuffling gait

What are the characteristics of Parkinson's disease?

Loss of dopamine in the substantial nigra

What is the primary cause of Parkinson's?

Crus Cerebri

What part of the midbrain is composed of descending tract fibers from the cerebral cortex?

Corticomesencephalic fibers

What tract has axons that terminate on CN nuclei for CN III and IV to initiate voluntary motor movements of the eyes?

Between brain

What does the term "diencephalon" mean?

Thalamus

What part of the diencephalon is primarily the most significant relay center for sensory input to the cerebrum?

Diencephalon (hypothalamus)

What part of the telencephalon is a significant center for control of autonomic and endocrine function?

Epithalamus

What is located just superior to the midbrain's tectum?

Pineal gland and the posterior commissure

What does the epithalamus include?

Epiphysis cerebri

What is another name for the pineal gland?

Hyophysis cerebri

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

Pineal gland

Which part of the midbrain is filled with very highly modified neurons called epiphysial cells and fenestrated capillary beds?

Calcifications (brain sand)

What accumulates with age in the pineal gland and epithalamus?

Pineal gland

What secretes melatonin, seratonin, and norepinephrine in late night hours?

Melatonin

What hormone appears to be a function of the circadian cycle?

Superior chiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

What is the controller of the circadian cycle?

SAD

What disorder is linked to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and affects about 1 in 20 people in the U.S. and Canada?

Posterior commissure of the epithalamus

What contains pupillary light reflex fibers?

Subcommissural organ

What is just anterior and inferior to the posterior commissure and may produce aldosterone?

Thalamus

What is the largest of all nuclei within the CNS?

Couch

What does thalamus mean in latin?

Metathalamus

What is the collective term for the medial and lateral geniculate bodies?

Yes

Is the metathalamus included in the thalamus?

Thalamus

What is the large structure composed of two large ovoid masses of gray matter joined together by the massa intermedia (inter thalamic adhesion)?

Third ventricle

The thalamus forms the lateral walls of what structure?

Posterior limb of the internal capsule

What is found just lateral to each thalamic mass?

Massa intermedia (interthalamic adhesion)

What joins the two large ovoid bodies of the thalamus?

Olfactory

All but which sense is conducted through the thalamus to the cortex in the thalamus?

Internal medullary lamina

What are the myelinated fibers that run through the substance of each thalamic mass and helps divide them into subdivisions?

Pulvinar

What is the largest part of the thalamus found in the posterior aspect and only in high order primates?

Hypothalamus

What forms the floor and portions of the lateral walls of the third ventricle?

Hypothalamus

What includes the infundibular stalk and the optic chiasma?

Hypothalamus

What has vague control over the basic drives of hunger, thirst, and sex?

Hypothalamus

What has central control over the autonomic functions?

Axon extensions into the posterior pituitary (directly) and neurohormones to control the release of anterior pituitary hormones (indirectly)

How does the hypothalamus control endocrine functions?

Anterior, intermediate, and posterior areas

What is the medial zone of the hypothalamus subdivided into?

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

What nuclei of the anterior area of the hypothalamus send axons down through the hypothalamohypophyseal (supra-opticohypophyseal) tract?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormones are released from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus?

Anterior nucleus

What nucleus of the anterior division of the hypothalamus is generally known for parasympathetic functions?

Preoptic area

What is the thermo-regulating station for body heat (sweat) in the anterior area of the hypothalamus?

Dorsomedial nuclei

What part of the intermediate area of the hypothalamus has significant influence of the GI tract parasympathetic functions?

Ventromedial nuclei

What part of the intermediate area of the hypothalamus is very complex but is generally thought to be a satiety center?

Arcuate nuclei

What nuclei of the intermediate area of the hypothalamus contributes axons to the tuberoinfundibulnar tract and influences the release of a pituitary hormone known as "releasing factors" or "hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones"?

Tuber cinereum

What is the undulating bulge between the infundibular stalk and the large mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus?

Mammillary bodies

What nucleus of the posterior area of the hypothalamus is important for short term memory?

Korsakovs' syndrome

What disorder is due to a loss of short term memory from the use of alcohol?

Posterior area

What area of the hypothalamus is important for diverse sympathetic functions?

Subthalamus

What structure of the midbrain consists of the parvocellular area and the superior portion of the substantial nigra?

Subthalamic nuclei (corpus Luysi)

What nucleus sends and receives information from the globus pallidus of the telencephalon?

Ballism or hemiballism

Lesions of the subthalamic nuclei may result in what types of disorders?

Pallium

What is the outer convoluted gray cerebral cortex known as?

Centrum Semiovale

What is the underlying mass of white fibers of the cerebral cortex known as?

Basal ganglia

What are the collections of neuron cell bodies deep within the white matter of the telencephalon?

Frontal lobe

What is the largest lobe of the telencephalon?

Psuedolobes

What is the collective term for the insula (isle of Reil) and the limbic region?

Telencephalon

What part of the brain has final integration of neural mechanisms?

In the sulci

Two thirds of the cerebral cortex surface area is located where?

Precentral gyrus

What is the thickest area of the cerebral cortex?

Calcarine sulcus

What is the thinnest area of the cerebral cortex?

Neocortex

What subdivision of the cortex occupies 90% of the the total cerebral cortex area?

Allocortex

What subdivision of the cerebral cortex is "ancient" and contains the olfactory and hippocampal cortices?

Plexiform (molecular) lamina

What layer of the neocortex is known for its many synapses occurring?

External granular layer (lamina II)

What layer of the neocortex is the intracortical association layer?

External pyramidal layer (lamina III)

What layer of the neocortex is the intercortical association layer?

Internal granular layer (lamina IV)

Which layer of the neocortex receives axons from the thalamus?

Internal pyramidal (ganglionic) layer (lamina V)

Which layer of the neocortex has large projection efferent neurons leaving the cortex? I.e Corticospinal, corticobulbar, etc.

Pia mater

What is superficial to lamina I of the neocortex?

White matter

What is deep to lamina VI of the neocortex?

Projection laminae

What is the collective term for laminas V and VI of the neocortex?

Association cortex

What is the collective term for lamina II and III of the neocortex?

Abstract thinking

What may occur in lamina II, the intracortical association layer of the neocortex?

Lamina V

What is the only lamina of the neocortex that may contain giant pyramidal of Betz cells?

BMA 4

What brodmann area is located in the percentile gyrus and functions to initiate voluntary motor movements of the distal extremities, face, and oral musculature?

BMA 4

What brodmann area is the only one to contain Betz cells because of its well developed Lamina V?

Somesthetic cortex

Brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3 are known as what?

Lamina IV

Which lamina is well developed in brodmann areas 1, 2, and 3?

VPL and VPM of the thalamus

Where does the somesthetic cortex receive most of its information?

BMA 1, 2, and 3

What brodmann areas surprisingly contribute axons to the pyramidal tracts?