1945-1951: Labour and the creation of the Welfare state

How did Winston Churchill describe Clement Attlee's character?

As 'a sheep in sheep's clothing,' indicating he was perceived as not particularly charismatic and reserved.

What was the driving force behind Attlee's political views?

A deeply seated devotion to social justice.

When did Clement Attlee enter parliament?

In 1922.

What position did Attlee hold before becoming Prime Minister in 1945?

He was Deputy Prime Minister in Churchill's wartime coalition from 1942.

Who were the key figures in Attlee's government known as 'The Old Guard'?

Ernest Bevin (Foreign Secretary), Hugh Dalton (Chancellor), and Stafford Cripps.

What role did Aneurin Bevan play in Attlee's government?

He was a fiery orator urging the government to embrace radical reforms.

What major issue led to divisions within Attlee's government in 1951?

The NHS prescription charge issue.

What did the Labour Party's 1945 election manifesto promise?

To take control of the economy, particularly the manufacturing industry.

Which institutions were pledged for nationalisation in the 1945 manifesto?

The Bank of England, the fuel of the manufacturing industry, and power.

Who were the two Liberal economists foundational to the welfare state?

John Maynard Keynes and William Beveridge.

What was Beveridge's task in postwar social reconstruction?

To create a coherent plan for national insurance covering every British citizen.

When was the National Health Service (NHS) established?

In July 1948.

What financial strain did the NHS face in 1951?

The reintroduction of charges for NHS false teeth and glasses.

What was the significance of Attlee's government in the context of the 20th century?

It is seen as one of the great reformist administrations.

What major geopolitical change did Attlee recognize regarding the British Raj?

That it was doomed and the transfer of power was necessary.

Who was appointed as the last Viceroy of India under Attlee's government?

Lord Mountbatten.

What was the outcome of India's independence in August 1947?

The partition into India and East/West Pakistan resulted in the murder of millions.

What was Britain's role in the establishment of NATO?

Britain was a key player in its establishment despite its imperial retreat.

What was the outcome of the 1950 election for Labour?

Labour's vote dipped less than 2%, but the Tories gained 88 seats.

What was significant about the 1951 election for Labour?

Labour gained its highest ever share of the vote at 48.8%.

Who returned to Downing Street after the 1951 election?

Winston Churchill.