EAQ Exam 2 Practice: Fundamentals of Nursing

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering health wellness, elimination systems, nursing theory, cultural competence, legal issues, and activity/immobility based on lecture notes.

Health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just the absence of disease.

Illness

A state where physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired.

Disease

A biological or psychological malfunction.

Acute illness

Short duration, often severe, and usually expected to resolve in weeks or a month.

Chronic illness

Persists longer than $6$ months and often requires long-term management rather than cure.

Health promotion

Activities designed to help individuals maintain or improve their current health.

Illness prevention

Actions that protect patients from actual or potential threats to health.

Precontemplation

A stage of change where the patient is not thinking about making a change.

Action

A stage of change where the patient is actively making a change; requires nursing support and reinforces problem-solving.

Maintenance

Sustained behavior change for $6$ months or longer.

Primary prevention

True prevention activities, such as vaccines and exercise, performed before disease or diagnosis to lower the chance of illness developing.

Secondary prevention

Focuses on screening and early detection for people with health problems or risk for complications, such as mammograms or blood pressure screenings.

Tertiary prevention

Focuses on treatment and rehabilitation when a defect or disability is permanent or irreversible to prevent worsening.

Primary health care

First-contact routine care focusing on improved health outcomes and collaboration, such as PCP visits and prenatal care.

Tertiary health care

Highly specialized consultative or critical care provided in settings like the ICU, neurology, or cardiology.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

A prioritization framework where basic physiologic needs (airway, breathing, circulation) come before psychosocial needs.

Nonmodifiable risk factors

Factors that cannot be changed, such as age, sex/gender, and genetics/family history.

Micturition

The process of emptying the bladder; also known as urination or voiding.

Minimum adult urine output

Approximately $30\,mL/hr$; output below this may indicate inadequate perfusion or renal concerns.

Urinary retention

The accumulation of urine due to the inability to empty the bladder completely.

CAUTI

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection.

Stress incontinence

Involuntary leakage of urine occurring with a cough or sneeze.

Urinary diversion

An alternative route for urine drainage, often through a stoma, needed after surgery or cancer.

Clean-catch/midstream specimen

A urine collection method where the area is cleansed and the sample is collected mid-void to reduce contamination.

Ileostomy

A surgical opening in the small intestine, typically in the right lower quadrant, resulting in liquid output rich in digestive enzymes.

Stoma

An artificial opening; should appear pink/red, moist, and slightly raised; notification is required if it appears purple or black.

Aesthetic knowledge

The 'art of nursing' involving knowing how to respond, communicate, and care effectively in the moment.

Nursing metaparadigm

Consists of four components: person, health, environment/situation, and nursing.

Grand theory

A broad, abstract, and complex theory, such as Nightingale's Environmental Theory or Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory.

Middle-range theory

A nursing theory more limited in scope and less abstract, such as Peplau's Interpersonal Theory.

PICOT

A format for clinical questions: Patient population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Time.

Quantitative research

Research focused on numbers, measurement, and statistical analysis to determine cause and effect.

Qualitative research

Research focused on meaning, lived experience, perception, or culture through methods like phenomenology or ethnography.

Quality Improvement (QI)

Programs designed to improve local work processes and health system efficiency; usually not generalizable.

Culturally congruent care

Care based on a patient's personal cultural beliefs, practices, and values that fits their life patterns.

Emic

An insider's view of a culture or system.

Intersectionality

A model for understanding how multiple factors and power structures shape a person's life.

Health literacy

The capacity to obtain, process, and understand health information to make informed decisions.

Teach-back

A communication technique where the nurse asks the patient to explain information in their own words to confirm understanding.

Statutory law

Law enacted by legislative bodies; includes criminal law and civil law like Nurse Practice Acts.

HIPAA

Federal law establishing patient rights regarding the privacy of health information and records.

Assault

An intentional tort involving a threat or fear of harmful, imminent, or unwelcome contact with no actual contact required.

Battery

An intentional tort involving offensive touching without consent or legal justification.

Malpractice

Professional negligence where a nurse fails their duty of care and patient injury occurs.

Active errors

Errors that occur at the point of care by the healthcare provider.

Latent errors

Hidden weaknesses within a system or process that contribute to errors.

Respite care

Short-term relief or time off provided for family or primary caregivers.

Palliative care

Care focused on improving the quality of life for patients with life-threatening illnesses; can be provided alongside curative treatment.

Isometric exercise

Muscle contraction without joint movement, such as quad sets or pushing against a wall.

Isotonic exercise

Exercise where the muscle shortens/lengthens with joint movement, such as walking or swimming.

Orthostatic hypotension

A drop in blood pressure that occurs when a patient moves from a lying to a standing position; a risk of immobility.

Atelectasis

The collapse of alveoli, often a respiratory complication of immobility.

Sims' position

A semi-prone side position used for rectal procedures, enemas, and patient comfort.

Ergonomics

The design of tasks and workspaces to reduce the risk of injury to the worker.