Unit 7A AP US History Review

Seward's Folly

Term used to mock William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for $ 7.2.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Yellow Journalism

Sensational, biased, and often false reporting for the sake of attracting readers; a cause of the Spanish-American War

The Influence of Sea Power on History

An influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan; discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy; encouraged imperialsim

Spanish-American War

1898 war that began when the United States supported Cuba's independence from Spain and lasted 4 months

USS Maine

American battleship that mysteriously exploded pushing Americans closer to war with Spain in 1898

William McKinley

25th president; in office during the Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii; assasinated

Rough Riders

Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Treaty of Paris, 1898

Treaty that concluded the Spanish American War; America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines; Cuba was freed from Spain.

Philippine Insurrection

1899-1903 guerrilla war led by Emilio Aguinaldo against American colonial rule in the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898) and the Philippine Insurrection against the Americans

Open Door Policy

Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899), the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt policy on foreign affairs symbolizing U.S. power and readiness to use military force if necessary

Panama Canal

A ship canal 40 miles long across the Isthmus of Panama built by the United States (1904-1914)

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States had the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Great White Fleet

16 American battleships, painted white, sent around the world to display American naval power

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S.; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president; served during World War I; Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Moral Diplomacy

President Wilson's policy of condemning imperialism, spreading democracy, and promoting peace

Progressives/Progressivism

Social and political movement that sought to improve society through a combination of grass roots and government action

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation.

Scientific Management

Fredric Taylor's application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace

Muckraker

A journalist who draws attention to abuses and corruption in politics, the workplace and society

Muller v Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

1911 New York factory fire that led to the deaths of over 150 young femaie workers; led to significant safety reforms

Trust Busting

Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair's novel that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food and drugs

Meat Inspection Act

Law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.

Socialist Party

A political party that believes people should own and control the means of production through democratically controlled public agencies; organized by Eugene Debs

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

1913 act that created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency.

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans

Great Migration

Movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Booker T. Washington

Civil rights leader who advocated a gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans by gaining marketable skills and earning respect

W.E.B. DuBois

Reformer who wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Conservative leader of NAWSA from 1915 - 1920 who pushed the suffrage movement nation-wide.

National Woman's Party

A group of militant suffragists who took to the streets with mass pickets, parades, and hunger strikes to gain suffrage

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's Party,

Used mass pickets, parades, and hunger

strikes to gain suffrage and equal rights for

women.

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915 killing 128 Americans and turning public opinion against Germany

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany's Policy of using their u-boat to sink enemy and neutral ships within the war zone

Zimmerman Telegram

1917 telegram sent from Germany urging Mexico to distract the United States should it join WWI; in return, Mexico would receive lands lost to the US during the Mexican War

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Food Administration

WWI agency headed by Herbert Hoover established to increase the production and rationing of food

Committee on Public Information

Government organization that produced propaganda to build support for WWI

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Laws that imposed harsh penalties for interfering with or speaking out against U.S. participation in WWI

Schenck v. United States

A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who urged young men to resist the draft during World War I. Justice Holmes declared that government can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger"

American Expeditionary Force (AEF)

American troops in Europe during WWI; led by John J. Pershing

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

League of Nations

Organization of nations formed after World War I to promote cooperation and peace; the US never joined and the League failed just prior to WWII

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I; It blamed Germany for the war, stripped it of its colonies, imposed harsh reparations, and redrew the map of Europe

Reservationists

Senators who pledged to vote in favor of the Treaty of Versailles if certain changes were made - led by Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge

Conservative senator who wanted to keep the United States out of the League of Nations; leader of the Reservationists

Red Scare

Post-WWI fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General A. Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization

Race Riots of 1919

Period following WWI when racial tensions caused by the Great Migration and the end of the war led to intense violence in northern cities like Chicago, where 13 days of rioting in 1919 left 38 people dead and 500 injured.

Normalcy

Warren G. Harding's campaign slogan seeking to get away from progressive reforms and world crusades.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

"The business of America is business"

A statement made by president Calvin Coolidge which demonstrated his laissez-faire attitude and confidence in the 1920s economy.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production in the 1920s

Welfare Capitalism

When companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees (health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company) and avoid unions

Charles Lindbergh

American pilot and 1920s hero who made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

Flapper

Young women with short "bobbed" hair, who symbolized the new liberated woman of the 1920s. Many saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

F. Scott Fitzgerald

American novelist and member of the "Lost Generation" who wrote The Great Gatsby

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France, Spain, and Cuba during WWI, notable works include "A Farewell to Arms" and "The Old Man and the Sea"

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in New York that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Marcus Garvey

African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Speakeasies

Secret bars where alcohol could be purchase during Prohibition

Al Capone

A famous Chicago gangster who made a fortune ($60 million in one year) off of bootlegging, and "murdered" his way to the top of the crime network, buying off public officials, the police, and judges. He was not convicted of any wrongdoing, however, until a judge in a federal court convicted him of income-tax evasion and sent him to jail in 1931.

Immigration Quotas

Federal law that limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota that favored northern and western Europeans

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A multi-nation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war as an instrument of national policy

Tulsa Massacre

1921 attack by a white mob and private aircraft on the wealthiest black community in the US known as "Black Wall Street." Some estimates put the death toll as high as 300 with hundreds more injured.

Rosewood Massacre

A racially motivated massacre of blacks and destruction of a black town in in rural Florida in January 1923. At least six blacks and two whites were killed, though the totals may be much higher. The town was abandoned and the massacre covered up until the 1980s.