[DCN] Protocols and Models + Physical Layer FC

Source

The sender of the communication message.

Destination

The receiver of the communication message.

Channel

The medium for communication transmission.

Protocols

Rules governing communication processes.

Rules Establishment

Agreements that govern communication interactions.

Sender Identification

Recognizing the source in communication protocols.

Receiver Identification

Recognizing the destination in communication protocols.

Common Language

Shared language for effective communication.

Message Encoding

Converting information into a transmittable format.

Message Decoding

Interpreting encoded information back to original form.

Message Formatting

Structuring messages based on type and channel.

Message Size

Size of messages measured in bits.

Flow Control

Manages data transmission rate and volume.

Response Timeout

Duration a device waits for a reply.

Access Method

Determines when a message can be sent.

Collision

When multiple devices send traffic simultaneously.

Unicast

One-to-one communication method.

Multicast

One-to-many communication, not all recipients.

Broadcast

One-to-all communication method.

Network Protocols

Set of rules for network communication.

Protocol

Set of rules for data communication.

Network Communications

Facilitates communication between multiple devices.

Network Security

Protects data through authentication and encryption.

Routing

Enables routers to exchange and select routes.

Service Discovery

Automatically detects devices or services on a network.

Addressing

Identifies sender and receiver in communication.

Reliability

Ensures guaranteed delivery of data packets.

Flow Control

Regulates data transmission rate for efficiency.

Sequencing

Labels data segments for proper order.

Error Detection

Identifies corruption in transmitted data.

Application Interface

Facilitates process-to-process communications.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Governs web server and client interactions.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Manages conversations and guarantees data delivery.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Delivers messages globally from sender to receiver.

Ethernet

Transfers messages within a Local Area Network (LAN).

Protocol Suite

Group of protocols for a communication function.

Higher Layers

Focus on application-level data handling.

Lower Layers

Concerned with data movement and services.

TCP/IP

Common protocol suite maintained by IETF.

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

Standardized model for network communication protocols.

AppleTalk

Proprietary protocol suite by Apple Inc.

Novell NetWare

Proprietary protocol suite by Novell Inc.

WLAN

Wireless Local Area Network protocol for connectivity.

Internet Society (ISOC)

Promotes open internet development and evolution.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Manages and develops internet standards.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Develops and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

Focuses on long-term internet and TCP/IP research.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

Coordinates IP address allocation and domain name management.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Manages IP addresses and protocol identifiers for ICANN.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Creates standards in power, telecommunications, and networking.

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

Develops standards for electrical wiring and connectors.

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Creates communication standards for various telecommunications devices.

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Defines standards for video compression and broadband communications.

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model

A conceptual framework for understanding network interactions.

TCP/IP Reference Model

Framework for internet protocol suite and communications.

Layered Model Benefits

Facilitates protocol design and interoperability among vendors.

Application Layer (OSI)

Handles process-to-process communications protocols.

Presentation Layer (OSI)

Ensures common data representation between services.

Session Layer (OSI)

Manages data exchange services for applications.

Transport Layer (OSI)

Segments, transfers, and reassembles data communications.

Network Layer (OSI)

Exchanges individual data pieces over the network.

Data Link Layer (OSI)

Exchanges data frames over shared media.

Physical Layer (OSI)

Activates and maintains physical network connections.

Network Access Layer (TCP/IP)

Controls hardware and media for network communication.

Internet Layer (TCP/IP)

Determines optimal data path through the network.

Transport Layer (TCP/IP)

Facilitates communication across diverse networks.

Segmenting Messages

Breaking messages into smaller units for transmission.

Multiplexing

Interleaving multiple streams of segmented data.

Benefits of Protocols

Enhances speed and efficiency in data transmission.

Sequencing

Numbering segments for proper message reassembly.

TCP

Protocol responsible for segment sequencing.

Encapsulation

Adding protocol information to data in layers.

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

Different names for data at each protocol layer.

Data Stream

Original format of data before segmentation.

Segment

PDU at the transport layer of networking.

Packet

PDU at the network layer of networking.

Frame

PDU at the data link layer of networking.

Bits

PDU at the physical layer of networking.

De-Encapsulation

Stripping headers as data moves up layers.

Source IP Address

IP address of the sending device.

Destination IP Address

IP address of the receiving device.

Network Portion

Part of IP address indicating network group.

Host Portion

Part of IP address identifying specific device.

Same Network Devices

Devices share the same network portion in IP.

MAC Address

Physical address used in data link layer.

Data Link Layer Role

Uses MAC addresses for local network communication.

Different Network Devices

Devices have different network portions in IP.

Default Gateway

Router IP address for remote network access.

Routing Process

Forwarding data to reach the actual destination.

Local Addressing

Data link addressing specific to local network.

Data Link Addressing

Local addressing with source and destination for each hop.

MAC Addressing

Unique identifier for network interfaces at Layer 2.

Source MAC Address

Address of the device sending the frame.

Destination MAC Address

Address of the device receiving the frame.

L3 IP Addressing

Global addressing that remains constant across segments.

Physical Layer

Transports bits by converting frames into signals.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Hardware for connecting devices to a network.

Physical Connection

Wired or wireless link to a local network.

Encoding

Converts bits into recognizable formats for transmission.

Signaling

Represents bit values on the physical medium.