HHD: AOS 4 SAC 5

What are the SDG’s

A set of targets developed by the United Nations, and non-government organisations that aim to make the world a better place.

• 1: No poverty 2: Zero Hunger

• 3: Good health and wellbeing 4: Quality education

• 5: Gender equality. 6: Clean water/ sanitation

• 12: Responsible consumption/ production

Goal of SDG 3

Promote physical and mental health and wellbeing, and extend life expectancy by addressing major causes of morbidity and mortality.

• Goal 3.1: Maternal and child health and wellbeing

• Goal 3.2: End epidemic of communicable diseases

• Goal 3.3: Reduce the incidence of non-communicable diseases.

Maternal mortality: 6 main causes

Refers to the no. of mothers who die due to complications related to pregnancy and childbirth.

• 1: hemorrhage 2: Infection (sepsis)

• 3: Unsafe abortion

• 4: High-blood pressure (eclampsia/ pre-eclampsia)

• 5: Malnutrition in woman/ children

• 6: Delivery complications

Why is Maternal moratlity a key feature

As most maternal deaths can be prevented by access to healthcare, such as:

• Antenatal care during pregnancy

• Skilled birth attendants during childbirth

• Support for mothers post birth

Actions/ prevention of Maternal mortality

All woman can access sexual health and reproductive services (antenatal care):

• Reduce complications, risks and death as qualified professionals can monitor mother/ baby.

Woman can access to contraception/ family planning services:

• Mothers/ infants more likely to survive pregnancy and remain healthy when they can plan no. of children and spacing of birth.

Why is ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 a feature?

• Many deaths under 5 are due to preventable causes such as malnutrition, measles, and pneumonia.

• Reducing child mortality increases health and wellbeing/ life expectancy in country.

Actions/ Prevention of Newborn and Children Under 5

Access to universal health coverage:

• Affordable healthcare = children U5 can receive healthcare, advice, and affordable vaccination to reduce deaths from infection.

Encourage breastfeeding:

• Ensures newborns are well nourished, as breast milk provides immunity against infection.

AIDs

Caused by the HIV virus, which is transmitted via exchange of fluids (blood, breastmilk, semen), destroying the immune system, and the bodies ability to fight infection.

• Eventually AIDS is developed.

Why is ending AIDS epidemic a feature

• Millions of people have died, and continue to die from AIDS related diseases

• Many people with HIV, are not aware of their status.

Actions/ Prevention of AIDS epidemic

Invest in healthcare services, so people can receive diagnosis/ ART treatment:

• Diagnosis, provided with info on how to reduce spread, and recieve ART treatment to prevent HIV turning into AIDS.

Remove barriers to discrimination of those with HIV/ AIDS:

• HIV/AIDS victims face discrimination and stigma, preventing them from seeking diagnosis/ treatment.

Malaria/ Why is it a key feature

Caused after a female mosquito bites and destroys the bodies red blood cells.

• Total no. of cases worldwide continues to increase, and is still an epidemic in 84 countries.

• Many people at risk of malaria do not have access to insecticide treated nets, diagnostic tests, or ACT drug.

Actions/ Prevention of Malaria epidemic

Access to clean water and sanitation:

• Mosquitos breed in stagnant water, safe water/ sanitation removes breeding ground for mosquitoes carrying malaria.

Fund healthcare and health professionals:

• Accessing healthcare enables people to receive diagnosis, and treatment for malaria.

Tuberculosis (TB)

Disease affecting the lungs, and is caused by bacteria that can spread from person to person via the air through coughing and sneezing.

• Highly contagious.

Why is Tuberculosis a feature

• Treatment success of TB is high using vaccinations and drugs, but relies on timely diagnosis/ correct treatment.

• TB occurs everywhere around the world, causing more deaths than HIV.

Action/ Prevention of Tuberculosis Epidemic

Provide universal health coverage:

• People can access vaccinations, early detection, and effective treatment, particularly for those who are poor (greater risk).

Fund development of new/ better ways to diagnose TB, as well as resistant vaccines:

• Better treat TB in adults, and those who are resistant to TB drugs.

Neglected tropical diseases / why is it a feature

Diverse group of 20 diseases that mainly occur in tropical and subtropical environments, such as leprosy and rabies.

• In 2021, 1.65 billion people needed treatment/ care

• Impact health and human development, causing severe pain/ permanent disabilities.

Action/ Prevention of NTD epidemic

Safe/ effective drugs that can prevent and treat infections:

• Affected people can be safely treated, and the disease itself and the spread of disease can be prevented

Development of new form of insecticides:

• Pathogens causing NTD are developing resistance to current insecticides, reduces effectiveness in controlling NTD.

Hepatitis/ Why is it a feature

Inflammation of the liver caused by a viral infection.

• All forms of hepatitis are responsible for more than 1 million deaths per year

• Hepatitis ‘B’ accounts for majority of deaths, followed by ‘C’

Actions/ Prevention of Hepatitis epidemic

Large Scale vaccination programs for hepatitis A, B and E:

• Prevented through immunisations, while Hepatitis B vaccinations can be given to newborns within first 24 hours.

Provide universal health coverage:

• Increased awareness/ blood screening important for diagnosing hepatitis B and C, as disease is typically not recognised until advance.

Why is ending premature mortality from NCD a feature

• Global marketing of tobacco, alcohol, and processed foods, has contributed to increase in NCD

• Lifestyle changes have contributed to increase in incidence of NCD, such as decline in physical activity, and eating more energy dense foods.

Action/ Prevention of premature death from NCD

Place tax on alcohol and tobacco products:

• Increase price of these products, reduces consumption

Increase funding for universal health coverage:

• Medical care can address risk factors such as high-blood pressure. Treatment, management and curative actions can identify NCD early

Encourage schools/ Workplaces to find ways to support people to engage in regular physical activity:

Why is promoting mental health and wellbeing a feature

• Burden of depression, and other mental health conditions contribute to the top 20 causes of disability

• Poor mental health is the leading cause of suicide

Actions/ Promotion of mental health and wellbeing

Implement range of strategies that promote good mental health and wellbeing:

• Mental health conditions can be prevented with positive thinking programs in school curriculums, and support for kids with behavioural problems

Increase funding for universal health coverage:

• Mental health conditions can be treated, with less than 10% having access to these treatments.

Why is reducing death and injuries from road traffic accidents a feature

• More than 1 million people die each year from road traffic incidents.

• Each year there are more vehicles on the road, increasing the risk of people being injured/ killed due to road accidents.

Actions/ Prevention of road traffic accidents

Invest in road infrastructure:

• Improved quality of roads, footpaths, cycling lanes, and pedestrian crossings increases safety.

Increase funding for driver education programs:

• Majority road accidents occur due to driver behaviours/ risk taking, education = drivers aware of importance to drive responsibly

Why is reducing Illness and death from Hazardous chemicals, air, water, soil pollution, and contamination a feature

• More than 12 million people die from diseases associated with environmental hazards

• 91% of the population does not breath clean air, leading to deaths from heart and lung diseases

Actions/ how to reduce death and illness from enviomental hazards

Monitor air pollution:

• People informed when air pollution levels get high, means they can stay protected indoors/ take preventative measures.

Fund incentives for clean energy sources to decrease reliance on fossil fuels:

• Clean fuels reduce contaminants in air

SDG 1: No poverty goal/ features

Taking action to end poverty and inequality within and among countries.

• Putting in place social protection systems

• Reduce proportion of men, woman, children living in poverty by half

• Ending extreme poverty; living on less than US $3

SDG 2: Zero hunger goal

End all forms of hunger/ malnutrition, and making sure all people have access to nutritious food all year round, by promoting sustainable agriculture.

• Particularly vulnerable such as children

SDG 2: Zero hunger features

• End all forms of malnutrition, including under and over nutrition in children under 5

• Increase investment in agriculture, infrastructure, research and technology

• Address trade restrictions that disadvantage farmers

SDG 4: Quality education goal

Address need for all children regardless of sex/ gender, to have equal access to high quality education at all levels.

• and to develop vocational skills needed for employment.

SDG 4: Quality education features

• Ensure all children access to free, equitable, and quality education.

• Increase no. of youth/ adults who have relevant skills for employment

• Build/ upgrade education facilities, and digital infrastructure

SDG 5: Gender equality goal

End discrimination/ violence against woman/ girls by addressing the barriers that exist to gender equality.

• Gender equality is both a social and economic issue.

SDG 5: Gender equality features

• End all forms of discrimination against women/ girls, and putting in place laws that protects their rights.

• Eliminate harmful practises such as forced child marriage, and female genital mutilation.

SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation goal/ features

Ensure that all people can access clean water and adequate sanitation.

• Support community participation in water/ sanitation management

• Everyone has access to safe/ affordable drinking water, sanitation/ hygiene

• Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, minimising release of hazardous chemicals.

SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production goal

Ensure sustainable consumption/ production patterns, which is key to sustaining the livelihood of current and future generations.

SDG 12: Responsible consumption and production features

• Ensure the responsible management of chemicals/ waste

• Reduce food waste

• Reduce reliance on fossil fuels/ remove subsidies

• Develop/ implement policies that support sustainable consumption/ production.