geo test two

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

1st Agricultural Revolution

Systematic growing of food \= food surplus and increased life expectancy \=
division of labor \= · the 1st civilizations

2nd Agricultural Revolution

· Preceded and was contemporaneous with the Industrial Revolution · The older communal three field system was replaced with single-owner consolidated fields and no fallow · Use of organic fertilizers and new crops that restored nutrients to the soil eliminated need for fallow fields · Drainage systems turned uncultivable land into productive land · Result = Improved yields and the introduction of commercial agriculture

Fritz Haber

German chemist noted for the synthetic production of ammonia from the nitrogen in air (1868-1934) "haber processes"

Norman Borlaug

Founder of Green Revolution: Increased wheat and maize yield worldwide, 1970 Nobel Peace Prize.

Green Revolution

Movement from traditional mixed crops to monocropping (20th c)

Green Revolution innovations

a. reapers, tractors, combines, irrigation systems
b. The Haber Process
c. food processing plants
d. Crop Breeding\
e. Use of new, high-yield crops: rice, wheat, corn
f. Increased intensity through reduced fallow time
g. Widespread use of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides & irrigation

Role of NGOs and agribusinesses in Green Revolution farming

a. They promoted it
b. NGO's Ford and Rockefeller Foundations
c. US government aid agencies
d. International agencies: World Bank, IMF, WTO
e. Local plant scientists (especially in Latin America)

Green Revolution successes

a. Increased food production
b. Lower cost food
c. More workers for non-agricultural economy
d. Decline in poverty
e. 1975, 6 of 10 Asians lived in poverty

f. 1993, 2 of 10 East Asians, 4 of 10 South Asians.

· Green Revolution failures (eviromental)

a. Created dependence on fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and irrigation
b. Pests, bacteria evolved to resist pest/herbicides
c. Degradation of the environment increased (chemical run-off, soil salinization, erosion, enduring deforestation)

· Green Revolution failures (social)

a. Forced farmers to go into debt to "get big"
b. Pushed traditional farmers off the land
c. Failure in Africa
d. Hunger and food shortages persist

physical geography

· High mountains (the Himalayas) dominate the region's western and northern periphery.
· Peninsular India has plateaus and low hills.

Monsoon (definition, significance)

A monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. Monsoons cause wet and dry seasons throughout much of the tropics. Monsoons are most often associated with the Indian Ocean. Monsoons always blow from cold to warm

Monsoon climates bring heavy rain during the summer and rainfall amounts are enhanced by the orographic effect of the region's mountains. The region is dry much of the rest of the year.
Between the mountains and the peninsular plateaus are the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus river systems

Population Pressure: fertility rates, RNI, projected population growth

· With approximately 1.9 billion people, South Asia has the world's largest population.
· East Asia's population will begin declining in the next ten years and be smaller by 500 million in 2100 (than current levels)
· South Asia's population will continue to grow until c. 2075 and by 2100 will be larger by 500 million (than current levels)
· Population densities are high with the greatest concentrations of people along the major rivers and Indian Ocean coasts
· Bangladesh has trouble supporting all its people given its limited agricultural land.

Internal and international Migration: the South Asian Diaspora

· large, expatriated communities. Around 15 million ethnic Indians live abroad. Some were "coolies" under the British Empire.
· More recently, workers (especially Muslims) have flowed to the oil-producing countries of the Persian Gulf.
· Professionals have moved to the United Kingdom and United States. Increasingly, more are coming back home, bringing with them new education, skills, contacts, and investment. Whether South Asia can harness globalization to lift millions of people out of poverty remains to be seen.

· Agriculture and rural settlement Crop Zones (rice, wheat, millet)

· The rivers support major agricultural production (and population densities) in the NW (Wheat) and NE (Rice). The millet and sorghum areas support significantly less density.
· Rice in regions with large amounts of water
· Success of Green Revolution in wheat areas

Religion

· Hinduism: four main beliefs: There are four Purusharthas — artha (wealth), kama (desire), dharma (righteousness) and moksha (liberation). These may be said to be the four goals of all mankind. · 1. The first, dharma, means to act virtuously and righteously. That is, it means to act morally and ethically throughout one's life. · 2. The second meaning of life according to Hinduism is Artha, which refers to the pursuit of wealth and prosperity in one's life. · 3. The third purpose of a Hindu's life is to seek the Kama. In simple terms, Kama can be defined as obtaining enjoyment from life. · 4. The fourth and final meaning of life according to Hinduism is Moksha,enlightenment. · Hindus believe that the soul passes through a cycle of successive lives (samsara) and its next incarnation is always dependent on how the previous life was lived (karma). · Buddhism: The Four Noble Truths · They are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering. More simply put, suffering exists it has a cause it has an end and it has a cause to bring about its end.

Islam, · Sikhism: Sikhs believe that people of all faiths worship one Divine Being who created this world and lives within it. Divine is equally present in all people, and that, therefore, every human being is equal in the eyes of God. · Jainism: teaches immortality and pilgrimage of the soul, denies the existence of a supreme being and emphasizes the art of non-violence

caste system

· Brahman: priests and scholars
· Chetri Kshatniya: ruler and warriors
· Viashya: merchants and traders
· Shudra: farmer and laborers
· Untouchables

Linguistic Diversity

Hindi, Urdu, Indo-European, Dravidian

linguistic nationalism

Urdu is the official language of the Indian State of Kashmir despite Kashmir being the most spoken language this might be because Kashmir is the only Indian state with a Muslim majority

political issues

hindus vs muslims, partition

Nepal

Economic activities: Tourism
Economic challenges: rough terrain
Economic successes: environmental degredation
Current trajectory: contracting tourism, political instability

Bhutan

Economic activities: Hydropower, increasing tourism
Economic challenges: rough terrain
Economic successes: Pristine environment. Purposefully disconnected.
Current trajectory: Gross National Happiness

Bangladesh

Economic activities: apparel
Economic challenges: colonialism, environmental degradation, Bengal's businesses were in the West (India)

rising population Economic successes: Grameen Bank - microfinancing

A growing manufacturing sector Current trajectory: improving

Pakistan

Economic activities: agriculture, textiles, cotton
Economic challenges: high defense spending, political instability, ethnic unrest, lack of electricity generation, landlord class that doesn't pay taxes
Economic successes: Chinese investments in infrastructure—gwadar
Current trajectory: growing at respectable rate

Sri Lanka

Economic activities: textiles, rubber, tea
Economic challenges: poor by global standards
Economic successes: Most highly developed in South Asia

high levels of education end of the civil war

Chinese and Indian investments Current trajectory: cautiously optimistic

Maldives

Economic activities: Tourism and fishing Economic challenges: Tourism income is not spread around Rising sea levels political tensions Economic successes: Richest by per capita

Current trajectory: underwater

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India

Economic activities: Textiles (Gujarat)

Maharashtra (finance, media, industry) Punjab and Haryana (agriculture, success of the Green Revolution food processing) High tech (Bengaluru and Hyderabad Tamil Nadu and Kerala)

Economic challenges: half of rural Indians own little to no land

high levels of corruption

Economic variation in India: more prosperous South and West. Less prosperous North and East Huge urban/rural divide in terms of prosperity Gujarat and Maharashtra are industrial and financial powers

Premature Deindustrialization

Declining growth in manufacturing before that sector can create mass employment

orographic effect

cooling effect that occurs when air is forced to rise over a mountain, resulting in a wetter windward side and a drier leeward side