SOC 111: Chapter 7

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31 Terms

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conflict theory

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

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control theory

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

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corporate crime

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

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corrections system

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

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court

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

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crime

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

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criminal justice system

an organization that exists to enforce a legal code

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deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

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differential association theory

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

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formal sanctions

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

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hate crimes

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

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informal sanctions

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

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labeling theory

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

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legal codes

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

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master status

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

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negative sanctions

punishments for violating norms

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nonviolent crimes

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

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police

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

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positive sanctions

rewards given for conforming to norms

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power elite

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

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primary deviance

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or interactions with others

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sanctions

the means of enforcing rules

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secondary deviance

deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

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self-report study

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

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social control

the regulation and enforcement of norms

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social disorganization theory

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

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social order

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

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strain theory

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

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street crime

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

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victimless crime

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

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violent crimes

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force