Section 1 memory

Memory

the persistence of learning overtime through encoding, storage and retrival of information

Recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier (ex. fill-in-the-blank test)

Recognition

A measure of memory in which the person indentifies items reviously learned (ex. multiple- choice test)

Relearning

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Encode

the process of getting information into the memory

Store

the process of retaining encoded information over time

Retrieve

the process of getting information out of the memory storage

Parallel Processing

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or a problem simultaneously

3-stage Multi Store Model

1. Sensory Memory

2. Short term memory

3. Long term memory

Sensory Memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Short Term Memory

briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a # while calling) that is later stored or forgotten

Long- Term Memory

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Working Memory

a newer understanding of short term- memory; conscious, active processing of both: 1. Incoming sensory info (iconic / echoic)

2. Info retrieved from long-term memory.

Central Executive (THE BOSS)

a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad

Phonological Loop

a memory component that briefly holds auditory information

Visuospatial Sketchpad

a memory component that briefly holds information about objects’ appearance and location in space

Neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons (ex. sea slugs when learning, researchers discovered, slugs releases more the neurotransmitter serotonin into certain neurons. The cells’ synapses when become more efficient at transmitting signals)

Long Term Potentiation

an increase in a nerve cell’s firming potential after brief rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning memory

Explicit Memory

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare” (also called declarative memory; Ex. your fav birthday)

Effortful Processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (Ex. Studying for a test)

Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidential information, suc as space, time and frequency, and of familiar or well- learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings (short terms basically trama)

Implicit Memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (Also called nondeclarative memory)

Iconic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Echoic Memory

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli of attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Mnemonics

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organized devices

Hierarchies

People develop exertise in an area, they often process information in hierachies composed of a few broad categories divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Spacing Effect

the tendency for distributed or practice to yield better long-term retention than achieved through massed study or practice

Testing Effect

enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test- enhancing learning.

Shallow Processing

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Deep Processing

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words: tends to yield the best retention