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Memory
the persistence of learning overtime through encoding, storage and retrival of information
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier (ex. fill-in-the-blank test)
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person indentifies items reviously learned (ex. multiple- choice test)
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
Encode
the process of getting information into the memory
Store
the process of retaining encoded information over time
Retrieve
the process of getting information out of the memory storage
Parallel Processing
processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or a problem simultaneously
3-stage Multi Store Model
Sensory Memory
Short term memory
Long term memory
Sensory Memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
Short Term Memory
briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a # while calling) that is later stored or forgotten
Long- Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Working Memory
a newer understanding of short term- memory; conscious, active processing of both: 1. Incoming sensory info (iconic / echoic)
Info retrieved from long-term memory.
Central Executive (THE BOSS)
a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad
Phonological Loop
a memory component that briefly holds auditory information
Visuospatial Sketchpad
a memory component that briefly holds information about objects’ appearance and location in space
Neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons (ex. sea slugs when learning, researchers discovered, slugs releases more the neurotransmitter serotonin into certain neurons. The cells’ synapses when become more efficient at transmitting signals)
Long Term Potentiation
an increase in a nerve cell’s firming potential after brief rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning memory
Explicit Memory
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare” (also called declarative memory; Ex. your fav birthday)
Effortful Processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort (Ex. Studying for a test)
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidential information, suc as space, time and frequency, and of familiar or well- learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings (short terms basically trama)
Implicit Memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (Also called nondeclarative memory)
Iconic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli of attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organized devices
Hierarchies
People develop exertise in an area, they often process information in hierachies composed of a few broad categories divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
Spacing Effect
the tendency for distributed or practice to yield better long-term retention than achieved through massed study or practice
Testing Effect
enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading, information. Also referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test- enhancing learning.
Shallow Processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep Processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words: tends to yield the best retention
