Psych Exam 3

Hierarchy of Needs

Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs: 1- physiological needs, 2- higher-level safety needs, 3- psychological needs

limbic system

complex network of brain structure involved in emotion, memory, and motivation (made up of the amygdala, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and prefrontal cortex)

stress

process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress on three phases— alarm, resistance, exhaustion

situational attribution

when we attribute someone's behavior to external factors or circumstances, such as the situation they are in, rather than internal traits or characteristics

Dispositional Attribution

when we attribute someone's behavior to their internal traits or characteristics, such as their personality or personal qualities, rather than external factors or circumstances

Fundamental Attribution Error

when we tend to judge others based on their personality or character, overlooking the influence of the situation they're in.

Psychoanalytic Theory

psychological approach developed by Sigmund Freud that focuses on the role of unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior.

Humanistic Theory

psychological perspective that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the inherent goodness of individuals. Suggests that people have the capacity to make choices and fulfill their potential, driven by a desire for self-improvement and fulfillment

Social-Cognitive Theory

psychological perspective that emphasizes the interaction between individual factors and environmental influences in shaping behavior. It focuses on how people learn from observing others and how cognitive processes like attention, memory, and motivation influence learning and behavior

Trait Theory

psychological approach that seeks to understand personality by identifying and measuring individual traits or characteristics that are relatively stable over time and across situations. It suggests that people possess a unique combination of traits, which influence their behavior, thoughts, and emotions

Conscious Mind

What we are currently aware of, like thoughts and feelings we actively think about

Unconscious Mind

where thoughts and feelings exist that we aren't aware of but can still influence our behavior and emotions.

Id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Ego

the partly conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality

Superego

the partly conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment

Defense Mechanisms

tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality

Repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Projection

Disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Sublimation

a defense mechanism involving channeling unacceptable impulses, desires, or emotions into socially acceptable outlets or activities

Regression

Retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

Conditional Positive Regard

when someone's acceptance, love, or approval is contingent upon the individual meeting certain conditions or expectations

perceived self

how an individual views themselves, including their beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions about their own identity, abilities, and characteristics

ideal self

the image or concept of the person an individual aspires to be

DSM-5

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

central nervous system abnormalities that start in childhood and alter thinking and behavior

Intellectual Disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence test score of 70 or below and difficulty adapting to the demands of life

Autism Spectrum Disorder

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant limitations in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

Schizophrenia

a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

Bipolar

a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs and lows

Depressive Disorder

Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities, impacting daily functioning.

Anxiety Disorders

Excessive and persistent worry or fear that interferes with daily life.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

A mental health condition characterized by recurring, unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors or rituals, often performed to alleviate anxiety.

post-traumatic stress disorder

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, hypervigilance, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia

Dissociative Disorder

mental health conditions where a person's sense of self, memory, identity, or consciousness becomes disrupted

Paraphilia

sexual arousal from fantasies, behaviors, or urges involving nonhuman objects, the suffering of self or others, and/or nonconsenting persons

Dissociative Identity Disorder

rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities

personality disorder

Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that significantly differ from societal expectations and cause distress or difficulties in personal and social relationships.