AP gov required knowledge

declaration of independence

ideals: popular sovereignty, natural rights, republicanism, social contract

fed 10

manage factions by controlling its effects instead of removing its causes—advocates for a large republic

articles of confederation

the first constitution of the United States, which created a weak central government and was ultimately replaced by the U.S. Constitution.

fed 51

auxiliary precautions: separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism (bicameral progress, each house has different election process, presidential veto)

brutus

legislature cannot be large enough to be truly representative, elected reps would become too powerful, power attracts evil people, unclear language within constitution=abuse of power

fed 70

advocates for single person executive: “energy”, quick response time, secret keeping, accountability

fed 78

regards the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, emphasizes judicial review and the independence of courts. advocates life terms for good behavior to keep the SCOTUS free from political pressures and to ensure stability in the law.

loabj

the majority acts as a faction, minorities can gain power through disrupting the norms, non-violence(moral high-ground), marketing the movement(gaining a coalition to become a plurality), and negotiation.

mccullogh v. maryland

a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of federal supremacy over state laws and affirmed the broad interpretation of Congress's powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

shaw v. reno

a Supreme Court case that ruled against gerrymandering based on race, asserting that redistricting must comply with the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

baker v. carr

a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of "one person, one vote," asserting that redistricting issues can be reviewed by federal courts.

marbury v. madison

a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to strike down laws that violate the Constitution.

engel v. vitale

a Supreme Court case that ruled against state-sponsored prayer in public schools, determining it violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

wisconsin v. yoder

a Supreme Court case that held that Amish students could not be compelled to attend school past eighth grade, as it violated their religious beliefs. free exercise clause

mcdonald v. chicago

a Supreme Court case that held the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments through the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause, affirming the individual's right to bear arms. ( **limits interstate commerce power of Congress** )

gideon v. wainwright

a Supreme Court case that ruled that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel is applicable to state courts through the Fourteenth Amendment, ensuring that defendants have the right to legal representation.

schenck v. United States

a Supreme Court case that established the "**clear and present danger**" standard for limiting free speech, ruling that speech creating a significant risk of imminent lawless action is not protected by the First Amendment.

tinker v. des moines

a Supreme Court case that affirmed the right of students to engage in symbolic speech at school, ruling that their First Amendment rights do not end at the school gate.

nyt co. v. us

a landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the freedom of the press, ruling that the government could not prevent the New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers without showing a clear justification for prior restraint.

citizens united v. fec

a landmark Supreme Court case that ruled corporations and unions can spend unlimited amounts on independent political expenditures, affirming that such spending constitutes protected free speech under the First Amendment (fueled rise of super PACs)