[DDS-LEC-FINALS] P3-P4 - LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS

Tinctures

These are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances.

• Method of preparation

• Strength of active ingredient

• Alcoholic content

• Intended use in medicine or pharmacy

Tinctures vary in terms of:

Chemical Substances

What is the method of preparing of tinctures that produces simple solution?

Simple solution

The chemical substances of tincture produces?

15%-80%

What is the alcohol content of tinctures?

Tightly stoppered, light-resistant container

Tinctures must be contained in a?

Glycerin

In addition to alcohol, other solvents, such as ___, may be employed in tinctures.

• Paregoric, USP

• Opium tincture, USP

Examples of tinctures:

Camphorated Opium Tincture

Paregoric, USP is also known as?

Laudanum

Opium Tincture, USP is also known as?

Opium Tincture, USP (Laudanum)

This tincture is much more potent than paregoric, and the two shouldn’t be confused.

Iodine Tincture

This is prepared by dissolving 2% iodine crystals and 2.4% sodium iodide in an amount of alcohol equal to half the volume of tincture.

Local anti-infective agent

Iodine tincture functions as a?

Reddish-brown

The color of iodine tincture that produces stain in the skin—useful in delineating the application over the affected skin area.

Povidone-Iodine

Example of Iodine Tincture:

Betadine

Povidone-Iodine is also known as?

Compound benzoin tincture

This is prepared by maceration in alcohol of 10% benzoin and lesser amount of Aloe, storax and tolu balsam totaling about 24% of starting material.

Maceration

Compound benzoin tincture is prepared by?

Protectant

Compound benzoin tincture is categorized as?

Thimerosal Tincture

This has the same general remarks about thimerosal topical solution except sodium chloride and sodium borate are absent and the vehicle are water, acetone, and 50% alcohol.

Sodium chloride and sodium borate

These two is absent in thimerosal tincture but is present in thimerosal topical solution.

• Water

• Acetone

• 50% alcohol

What are the vehicle of thimerosal tincture?

• Simple/dissolving solution

• Chemical reaction

• Maceration

Topical solutions and tinctures are prepared by:

Self-preservative

Are topical solutions and tinctures self-preservative or not?

Spirits

These are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions of volatile substances.

Essences

Spirits are also known as?

Spirits (Essences)

Used as a flavoring agent and medicinally for the therapeutic value of aromatic solute.

• Simple solution

• Solution by maceration

• Distillation

Methods of preparations of spirits:

Usually over 60%

What is the alcoholic concentration of spirits?

• Aromatic ammonia spirit

• Camphor spirit

• Compound orange spirit

• Peppermint spirit

Examples of Spirits:

Vaginal Douches

This is for irrigation cleansing of vagina.

Retention Enemas

Influences the general system by absorption or affect a local disease.

Evacuation Enemas

Used to cleanse the bowel.

Aromatic Waters

These are clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.

• Orange flower oil

• Peppermint oil

• Rose oil

• Anise oil

• Spearmint oil

• Wintergreen oil

• Camphor

• Chloroform

Examples of Aromatic Waters:

Sprays

This is defined as aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically.

Nasal pharyngeal tract or skin

Sprays are mostly used on?

• Liniments

• Collodions

Examples of non-aqueous solutions:

Liniments

These are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended to be rubbed on the skin.

• Hydroalcoholic liniment

• Oleaginous liniment

Examples of Liniments:

Hydroalcoholic liniment

This liniment is useful when rubefacient, counterirritant, or penetrating action is desired.

Oleaginous liniment

This liniment is employed primarily when massage is desired.

Collodions

These are liquid preparations composed of pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent mixture (composed of alcohol and ether) with or without added medicinal substances.

Used externally!

Alcohol and ether

Collodions:

Solvent mixture is composed of?

• Pyroxylin

• Flexible collodion

• Salicylic acid collodion

Examples of Collodions:

Nitrocellulose/Soluble Gun Cotton

Pyroxylin is also known as?

Pyroxylin

This is obtained by the mixture and action of nitric acid and sulfuric acid of cotton.

• Almond oil

• Cottonseed oil

• Peanut oil

• Wintergreen oil

• Sesame oil

• Turpentine oil

Oleaginous liniment solvents:

• “For External Use”

• “Shake Well”

All liniments should bear a label indicating:

Oleaginous Liniment

This is less irritating than alcoholic liniments.

Oleaginous Liniment

This liniment should not be used in skin with bruise.

Salicylic Acid Collodion

This acts as keratolytic in a treatment of corns and warts.

Collodion, USP

Flexible collodion are water propellant projected for minor cuts and scratches.

• 10% salicylic acid

• 3% castor oil

• 2% camphor

Flexible collodion contains:

Flexibility

Caster oil is used for?

Water proofing property

Camphor is used for?

Extraction

Extraction Methods for Preparing Solutions:

The process of withdrawing the desired constituents from crude drugs through the use of selective solvents in which the desired constituents are soluble.

Crude Drug

These are vegetable or animal drugs that have undergone no other processes than collection, cleaning, and drying.

Extractive

The product of extraction process.

Tincture, fluidextract, and extracts

Most commonly pharmaceutical products that is prepared from extractive.

Solvent system

This system used in extraction are selected on the basis of their capacity to dissolve the maximum amount of desired active constituent and the minimum amount of undesired constituents.

Menstruum

The solvent or the solvent mixture.

Marc

The plant residue/undissolved portion.

Maceration and Percolation

What are the two methods of extraction?

• Decoction

• Digestion

• Infusion

What are the methods under maceration?

Decoction

This is for water-soluble and heat-stable constituents extracted from crude drugs by boiling water.

Digestion

Maceration with gentle heat.

Infusion

Dilute solution of readily soluble constituents of crude drugs prepared by short maceration of the drugs with either cold or boiling water.

• Nature of the crude drugs

• Adaptability to various extraction methods

• Interest in obtaining complete or nearly complete extraction of the drug.

The method of extraction selected depends in several factors:

Crude drug

Combination of maceration and percolation is the extraction of?

Macerare

Maceration came from this Latin word, which means to soak.

To soak

Macerare means?

Maceration

It is a process in which the properly comminuted drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum until the cellular structure is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble constituents are dissolved.

Wide-mouth

The drug to be extracted from maceration is placed in this container with prescribed menstruum.

2-14 days

Process of Maceration:

Vessel is stoppered tightly and the contents are agitated repeatedly over a period ranging from how many days?

15-20 degrees celsius

Maceration is conducted in what temperature and up to 3 days or until the soluble matter is dissolved.

• Benzoin

• Aloe

• Tolu

Drugs that are efficiently extracted by maceration:

Percolation

The process in which a comminuted drug is extracted of its soluble constituents by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of the drug.

Through

Percolation came from the Latin word per, which means?

To strain

Percolation came from the Latin word colare, which means?

Percolator

The drugs is packed in a special extraction apparatus termed a?

Downward

The flow of the menstruum over the drug column is ___ to the exit orifice drawn by the force of gravity.

Fluidextracts

These are liquid preparations of vegetable drugs prepared by percolation.

Fluidextracts

They contain alcohol as solvent, preservative and made to have 1 gram of the therapeutic in each mL.

Fluidextracts

• Too potent to be safely self-administered.

• Too bitter tasting.

Extracts

Concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with suitable menstrua, evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent and adjustment of the residual masses or powders to the prescribed standards.

Extracts

Potent preparations, usually between 2x and 6x as potent on a weight basis as the crude drug.

Extracts

Contain primarily the active constituents with a great portion of inactive constituents and structural components

Semiliquid extract

3 Forms of Extracts:

Those of a syrupy consistency prepared without the intent of removing all or even most of the menstruum.

Pilular

3 Forms of Extracts:

Solid extracts of plastic consistency prepared with nearly all of the menstruum removed.

Powdered extract

Prepared to be dry by the removal of all of the menstruum insofar as is feasible or practical.