mcat

hypothalamus

homeostasis/ hormones : controls hunger, thirst, temperature, sex drive, circadian rhythm

links the nervous system to the endocrine system (releases hormones directly into the bloodstream) through the pituitary

thalamus

routes sensory info to the cortex

relays every sensation except smelling

cerebellum

coordination/balance, posture, motor learning

damage here can cause uncoordinated movements and poor balance

medulla

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing

vital life functions

pons

sleep, breathing bridge, arousal

relay between brain regions

hippocampus

new long term memories

amygdala

fears/emotions (aggression, threat detection)

basal ganglia

voluntary movement/habits, controls

associated with parkinsons and huntingtons disease

frontal

planning, motor, decision making, impulse control, personality

parietal

touch/ body sensations, pressure, spatial awareness

contains the somatosensory cortex

temporal

hearing/ language comprehension/ memory

associated with wernickes area

occipital

visions

nucleus accumbens

reward/ pleeasure/ motivation pathway

brocas area

responsible for speech production

damage to this are can cause someone to have trouble speaking even though they understand language

wernickes area

language comprehension

damage to this area causes poor understanding of language. the person will have fluent but meaningless speech

monoamine hypotheisis of depression

depression is linked to abnormalities/ low activity in monoamine neurotransmitters especially serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

main monomanie neurotransmitters

dopamine, serotonin, norephinephrine

thyroid hormones are responsible for

metabolism

the pi

maoi’s (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

decrease the breakdown of serotonin withthin the pre synaptic neuron

hypothalamus controls

pituitary

the posterior pituitary does NOT

make its own hormones. it stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary hormones: adh/vasopressin

increases water reabsoprtion in kidneys

oxytocin

causes uterine contractions and milk ejection

the anterior pituitary

makes and secretes its own hormones but it controlled by the hypothalamic releasing hormones

anterior pituitary hormones

FLAT PEG

f": fsh

ovarian follicle development and sperm production

l : LH

ovulation and corpus luteum & testosterone production from leydig cells

a; ACTH

stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

T:TSH

stimulates thyroid to release T3/T$

prolactin

milk production

e: endorphins

pain relief/ natural (endogenous) opioids

g: growth hormone

growth, protein synthesis, metabolism, stimulates IGF1- from liver

neuroleptics

antipsychotic drugs, often D2 dopamine receptor blockers, used to treat schizophrenia

postive symptoms of schiz.

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized though/speech

negative symptoms of schiz.

flat affect, social withdrawal, low motivation, reduced speech, anhedonia

antipsychotics mays improve

positive symptoms whiles negative symptoms get worse

general adaptation syndrome

bodys response to long term stress; alarm - resistance - exhaustion

activation synthesis model

a dream theory, brain creates meaning from random neural activity during sleep

independent stressors

an outside event that causes depression but depression not causing the outside stressor

one way

dependent stressors

behavior created stress that can cause depression but also depression causing this behavior created stress to worsen

two way loop

novel information

new or unfamilar information that usually requires conscious/effortful processing

automatic processing

unconscious processing of famililar or simple information, often including time, space, and frequency

ie: spatial information, temporal information, and frequency of events

effortful processing (new/novel information)

conscious processing needed for new, complex, or unfamiliar information — requires conscious effort

if electron is on the reactant side

gained, reduction, cathode

if electron is on the product side

lost, oxidized, anode

left e

red cat

right e

an ox

metal ion becomes a solid

reduction at the cathode

galvantic electrode signs

anode negative, cathode positive

electrolyic electrode signs

anode positive, cathode negative

ways to raise blood glucose

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis

glycogenonlysis

breaks glycogen down

gluconeogenesis

makes new glucose molecules from non carb molecules

glucagon turns on

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

triggers for raising blood glucose

fasting, newborn, low glucose, glucagon, liver releasing glucose

lowering/ storing blood glucose

glycogenesis and glycolysis

glycogenesis

builds glycogen

glycolysis

breaks glucose down for energy

insulin turn on

pathways to lower/store blood glucose

to make atp

glycolysis — PDH — TCA — ETC

trigger for lowering or storing blood glucose

fed state, high glucose, insulin

triggr for making atp

energy, oxidation, mitochondria, NADH/FADH2, ATP

making NADPH/ribose

PPP

triggers for making nadph/ribose

nadph, ribose-p-phopshate, phosphogluconate, oxidative stress, G6PD

making fatty acids

fatty acid synthesis

trigger for making fatty acids or fatty acid synthesis

acetyl coa, malonyl coa, NADOH, cytosol

breaking fatty acids

beta oxidation

triggers for breaking fatty acids or beta oxidation

fatty acyl coa, mitochondria, acetyl coa, NADH, FADH2

glycogenesis

turning glucose into glycogen

glycogenesis enzyme

glycogen synthase

glycogenesis trigger

insulin / storage

glycogenolysis

glycogen to glucose

glycogenolysis enzyme

glycogen phosphorylase

glycogenolysis trigger

glucagon/ fasting

glycogenolysis bonds

alpha 1-4 linear , alpha 1-6 branches

gluconeogenesis

non carbs into glucose

gluconeogenesis uses

lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, oxloacetate/ TCA intermediates

gluconeogenesis does not use

acetyl coa or EVEN fatty acids

gluconeogenesis triggers

glycogen depleted/ fasting

glycolysis

turns glucose into pyruvate

glycolysis makes

ATP and NADH

glycolysis key enzyme

PFK-1

glycolysis triggers

breaking glucose for energy

mitochondria / ATP pathways

PDH and TCA

PDH - pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway

turns pyruvate into acetyl coa

PDH - pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway cofactors

lipoic acid, TPP, NAD+, FAD, CoA

TCA cycle

turns acetyl coa into CO2 and NADH/FADH2

tca cycle sequence

citrate, isocitrate, alpha ketoglutarate, succinyl coa, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate

tca cycle trigger

succinate into fumarate into malate into oxloacetate

ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation

NADH/ ADH2 donates electrons

ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation (H+)

H+ is pumped into intermembrane space

ETC/ oxidative phosphorylation (O2)

O2 is the final electron acceptor

atp synthase uses the H + gradient from the

ETC/ OX phosphorylation

PPP/ fats

makes NADPH and ribose 5 phosphate

first enzyme used in PPP/ fats

G6pd

PPP/ fats sequence

glucose 6 phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone to 6 phosphogluconate

PPP/ fats trigger

phosphogluconate

fatty acid synthesis

turns acetyl coa into malonyl coa into fatty acids