Maintaining acid base balance mod 6
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33 Terms
Acid
A substance that releases hydrogen ions.
Most Common Body Fluid Acid
Carbonic acid.
Base
A substance that accepts hydrogen ions.
Most Common Body Fluid Base
Bicarbonate.
pH
Reflects the balance between hydrogen ions and bicarbonate.
Chemical Buffers
Maintain normal pH by combining excess acids or bases (bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein).
Respiratory System Acid-Base Regulation
Maintains balance by regulating blood carbon dioxide; responds within minutes.
Renal System Acid-Base Regulation
Maintains balance by absorbing or excreting acids and bases; takes up to 24 hours.
Compensation for Respiratory Acidosis
Kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and retain bicarbonate (HCO3).
Compensation for Respiratory Alkalosis
Kidneys excrete more HCO3.
Compensation for Metabolic Acidosis
Lungs excrete more PaCO2.
Compensation for Metabolic Alkalosis
Lungs retain more PaCO2.
pH Normal Range
7.35 to 7.45.
Acidosis (pH)
pH less than 7.35.
Alkalosis (pH)
pH greater than 7.45.
PaO2 Normal Range
80 to 100 mm Hg.
Hypoxemia
PaO2 less than 80 mm Hg.
PaCO2 Normal Range
35 to 45 mm Hg.
PaCO2 Regulation
Regulated by the lungs.
Acidosis (PaCO2)
PaCO2 greater than 45 mm Hg.
Alkalosis (PaCO2)
PaCO2 less than 35 mm Hg.
Bicarbonate (HCO3) Normal Range
22 to 26 mEq/L.
HCO3 Regulation
Regulated by the kidneys.
Acidosis (HCO3)
HCO3 less than 22 mEq/L.
Alkalosis (HCO3)
HCO3 greater than 26 mEq/L.
Steps for ABG Interpretation
1. Label pH. 2. Determine primary cause (PaCO2 or HCO3). 3. Check for compensation.
DKA Treatment in Metabolic Acidosis
Hydration and insulin administration to halt ketone production.
Diarrhea-induced Acidosis Treatment
Rehydration and antidiarrheal medications.
Bicarbonate Administration Criteria
Administer if bicarbonate is low and pH is below 7.2.
Respiratory Acidosis Interventions
Bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, mucolytics, and oxygen therapy.
Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment
Re-breathing into a paper bag and restoring fluids and electrolytes.
Priority Focus for Acid-Base Imbalance Care
Fall precautions.
Normal SaO2 Range
90% to 100%.