Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing haloalkanes and haloarenes.

An alkyl group (R) bonded to a halogen (X), represented as R-X.

Haloalkane

A univalent radical consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in a chain or ring.

Alkyl Group (R)

A group 17 element (F, Cl, Br, I) bonded to an alkyl group in haloalkanes.

Halogen (X)

A dihaloalkane with both halogen atoms bonded to the same carbon atom.

Geminal Dihaloalkane

A dihaloalkane with halogen atoms bonded to adjacent carbon atoms.

Vicinal Dihaloalkane

A haloalkane where the carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to only one other carbon atom.

1°-Haloalkane

A haloalkane where the carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to two other carbon atoms.

2°-Haloalkane

A haloalkane where the carbon atom bonded to the halogen is attached to three other carbon atoms.

3°-Haloalkane

A compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to an allylic carbon (a carbon atom adjacent to a C=C double bond).

Allylic Halide

A compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a benzylic carbon (a carbon atom adjacent to a benzene ring).

Benzylic Halide

A compound in which a halogen atom is bonded to a carbon atom of a C=C double bond.

Vinylic Halide

A compound in which a halogen atom is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.

Aryl Halide (Haloarene)

A systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.

IUPAC Nomenclature

Generated within the reaction mixture.

In-situ

A method for preparing alkyl chlorides from alcohols using thionyl chloride (SOCl2), where both byproducts are gaseous.

Darzen's Process

The rearrangement of a carbocation intermediate in a reaction, leading to undesired products.

Carbocation Rearrangement

A reaction where atoms or groups are removed from a molecule, often leading to the formation of a double bond.

Elimination Reaction

A substitution reaction involving free radicals as intermediates.

Free Radical Substitution

In the addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, the hydrogen atom of the addendum (H-X) gets attached to the carbon atom that has a greater number of hydrogen atoms.

Markovnikov's Rule

The addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene in the presence of a peroxide, where the hydrogen adds to the carbon with fewer hydrogen atoms.

Anti-Markovnikov Addition

A halide exchange reaction used to prepare alkyl iodides (RI) by reacting an alkyl chloride or bromide with NaI in acetone.

Finkelstein Reaction

A reaction for preparing alkyl fluorides (R-F) by reacting an alkyl chloride with a metal fluoride (e.g., AgF).

Swarts Reaction

An organomagnesium halide (R-MgX) prepared in dry ether, which is highly reactive towards water.

Grignard Reagent

A reaction where two alkyl halides react with sodium metal in dry ether to form a new carbon-carbon bond, producing an alkane.

Wurtz Reaction

A reaction similar to the Wurtz reaction, but involving aryl halides instead of alkyl halides.

Fittig Reaction

A reaction where an alkyl halide and an aryl halide react with sodium metal in dry ether to form an alkylated aromatic compound.

Wurtz-Fittig Reaction

In elimination reactions, the major product is the more substituted alkene.

Saytzeff's Rule

A unimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that proceeds through a two-step mechanism involving a carbocation intermediate.

SN1 Reaction

A bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction that occurs in one step with inversion of configuration at the chiral center.

SN2 Reaction

An equimolar mixture of dextrorotatory and levorotatory enantiomers, which is optically inactive.

Racemic Mixture

The inversion of configuration at a chiral carbon atom during an SN2 reaction.

Walden Inversion

A nucleophile that has two or more nucleophilic sites through which it can attack an electrophile.

Ambident Nucleophile

The process of converting a primary amine to a diazonium salt, typically by reacting it with nitrous acid (HNO2) at low temperatures (0-4°C).

Diazotization

A reaction used to replace the diazonium group in an aryl diazonium salt with a halogen (Cl, Br), a cyano group, or a hydroxyl group, using copper salts as catalysts.

Sandmeyer's Reaction

Similar to the Sandmeyer reaction, but uses copper powder instead of copper salts as a catalyst.

Gattermann Reaction

A reaction used to prepare aryl fluorides by thermal decomposition of aryl diazonium tetrafluoroborates.

Balz-Schiemann Reaction

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that are extremely stable and unreactive gases, known to deplete the ozone layer.

Freons

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, an insecticide that has been banned due to its persistence and accumulation in the environment and food chain.

DDT