Human Physiology Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation

anatomy

branch of science that studies the structure (morphology) and shape of the body

physiology

branch of science, that studies how the body and its part work together and function

what do atoms make up?

Molecules

what do molecules make up?

Macromolecules

what do macro molecules make up?

Organelles

What do organelles make

cell

What do cells make make up?

Tissues

what do tissues make make up

Organs

what do organs make up?

Oregon Systems

what do organ systems make up?

Organisms

cell

The smallest living unit of structure and function

What are the four main organic macromolecules?

carbs proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

what Is the monomer of carbs

Monosaccharide

what is the monomer of lipids?

Fatty acid and glycerol

what is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

what is the monomer of nucleic acid?

nucleotide

Maintaining boundaries

inside remains distinct from outside

every cell has a cell membrane every human has…

Skin

cell membranes and skin helps … From pathogens, dehydrating sunlight, and environmental chemicals

protect

change of the position position of the body or a body part

external movement

blood food, air, and urine

internal movement

The ability to sense changes (stimuli) and react to them

Responsiveness

Bears the major responsibility of responsiveness

Nervous system

Breaking down, ingested food into simple molecules

digestion

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

Metabolism

breakdown and build Up of substances, oxygen and nutrients are used to

Make energy ATP

ATP is used to

fuel life processes

removing waste from the body

Excretion

Production of offspring or new cells for growth and repair

reproduction

increase in cell size or body size endocrine hormones play a major role

growth

cell constructing activities must occur faster than

cell destroying

to maintain life with certain factors needed to be available in appropriate amounts

Goal of all body systems

Carbohydrates are major energy, providing fuel, then proteins and fats

nutrients

required for chemical reactions

Minerals and vitamins

used to release Energy from food human cells can only survive a few minutes

oxygen

Most abundant chemical in the body provides the basis for all reactions, secretions and excretions

Water

Maintained at Approximately 37°C, 98.6°F maintains the rate of chemical Reactions

Normal body temperature

Force exerted on the surface of the body by the way of the air Essential for breathing

Atmospheric pressure

The body can be divided into how many portions

two

upper and lower limbs

Appendicular portion

Head neck and trunk

Axial portion

What two cavities can the axial portion be created into?

dorsal and ventral cavities

The dorsal cavity surrounded completely by

Bone

Contains the brain, oral cavity, nasal cavity orbital cavity, and middle ear cavity

cranial cavity

contains the spinal cord

Spinal cavity (vertebral cavity)

Contains the thoracic cavity and abdominal pelvic cavity

ventral cavity

Contains lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Thoracic cavity

divides the thoracic cavity into right and left haves

mediastinum

Separates the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

diaphragm

include the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

abdominal pelvic cavity (viscera)

contains the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, and intestines

Abdominal cavity

Contains bladder, reproductive organs and rectum protected by pelvic bones

Pelvic cavity