Patho week 2

Acute Inflammation: Stage 1 Vascualar Premeability

\-Histamine(MAST CELLS) + Bradykinin = vasodilation and permeability of blood vessels Fluids

\-WBCs, and platelets flood to the site of injury Capillary permeability

\-WBC in the fluid that comes from capillaries consumes foreign material = phagocytosis

Acute Inflammation: Stage 2 Cellular Chemotaxis

\-Microbial agents, endothelial cells and WBCs attract platelets and other WBCs to site of injury

\-Margination Protective wall is formed

\-Cytokine/Interleukin gets released

\-Leukocytosis occurs

what are Cytokines

* Proteins from glial cells in the nervous system
* Signaling molecule
* Stimulates the liver to release CRP
* Increases or decreases reaction

what are Interleukins

* Subset of cytokines
* Moderate cellular behavior
* "Messenger molecule" between immune cells

what are Neutrophils

* First line defense
* Life span 10hr-2days
* Start phagocytosis

what are Monocytes

* Largest WBC
* Differentiate into macrophages
* Take over phagocytosis
* Indicates the more chronic process

Acute Inflammation:Stage 3 Systemic Response-Controlled by:

• Prostaglandins

• Leukotrines

• TNF alpha

• Interleukins

• Pyrogens

what are Prostaglandins

responsible for pain

what are Leukotrines

helps produce mucus

what are TNF alpha

come from monocytes

what are Interleukins

play role in cell growth

what are Pyrogens

act on hypothalamus and activate heat- leading to fevers

What do mast cells release?

Histamine

G1 (first gap phase)

synthesis of compounds needed for DNA

S phase

DNA replication

G2 (second gap)

preperation for mitosis

M (mitotic) phase

Cell devision

what are Labile Cells

* constantly regenerating
* Skin
* GI Mucosa
* Cancer Cells

what are Stable Cells-stuck in GO phase

* Liver
* Bone

what are Permanent Cells-don't regenerate

* Heart
* Brain

stage 1 of inflammation

inflammation occurs

Stage 2 of inflammation

reconstructive/proliferation occurs

what happens during reconstructive/proliferation?

* firbroblasts synthesize collagen to make a foundation for scar tissue(grannulation tissue)
* grannulation tissue secretes cytokines and growth factors
* epithelial cells help make new surface

stage 3 of inflammation

maturation/remodeling

what happens during maturation/remodeling?

fibroblast/myofibroblasts refine scar tissue

what are the 3 stages of tissue healing?

* primary intention
* secondary intention
* tertiary intention

what does a healed primary intention scar end up as?

hairline scar

what does a healed secondary intention scar end up as?

epithelium grows over scar gouge

what does a teriary intention scar end up as?

late suturing with wide scar pressure ulcers and massive wounds

tertiary intention healing:

• Nutrition

• Circulation

• Oxygen

• Contamination

• Age

• Habits

• Obesity