Studied by 12 peopleWhat are the common functions of all living things?
Responsiveness(irritability), Growth, Reproduction, Movement, Metabolism
Define responsiveness
ability to sense and respond to stimuli/ change in immediate environment
example of responsiveness
jerk hand away after touching hot stove(pain stimulus)
Longer term change is called________
adaptation
example of adaptation
wolf growing thicker fur in the winter for insulation
Define Growth
an increase in cell size / number and individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions.
individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions is known as_______________
cellular differentiation
Examples of unicellular organisms
Prokaryotes-Bacteria, archaea; Eukaryotes-many protists, fungi (yeast)
Examples of multicellular organisms
plants, animals, fungi, and some protists
How do unicellular organisms grow?
Their one cell increases in size.
How do multicellular organisms grow?
By multiplying their cells
What are differentiated cells?
Cells that have developed specialized characteristics for particular functions
Define reproduction
Creation of new generations of the same kind of organisms
During Asexual reproduction parent divides________ to produce _____________ that are __________ to each other+parent
ONCE; TWO; GENETICALLY IDENTICAL
An example of asexual reproduction
Mitosis
In our body, mitosis allows us to__________ damaged cells
grow/ replace
what types of cells are produced by mitosis
somatic cells(all of our cells except egg and sperm)
Egg and sperm are
gametes
gametes(egg and sperm) are produced by_________
meiosis
In mitosis, each daughter cell has
46 chromosomes
In mitosis, each daughter cell has (same or different # of chromosomes) as parent?
SAME
During meiosis parent cell divides __________ times to produce _____________ genetically ________ daughter cells(gametes)
TWO; FOUR; DIFFERENT
in meiosis parent cell has ____ chromosomes; each daughter cell has _____ chromosomes
46;23
Meiosis is needed for what?
sexual reproduction
During sexual reproduction
genetic material(DNA) is exchanged b/w egg/sperm
Why are viruses not considered living?
They cannot reproduce by themselves. Use material within living cells to make copies of themselves
name two types of movement
internal movement and external movement
What is internal movement?
transporting blood, food, or other material within the body
What is external movement?
moving through the environment
What is metabolism?
sum of all chemical reactions in the body consisting of anabolism and catabolism
Metabolism is needed for an organism to
grow, reproduce, and respond to changes
During anabolism
energy is used to create large molecules from smaller ones
Anabolism is
endergonic
During catabolism
Large, complex molecules are converted into many smaller, simple molecules and energy is released
catabolism is
exergonic
example of catabolism
breakdown of proteins into amino acids in digestive tract
Forms of Gross Anatomy
-surface anatomy -regional anatomy -systemic anatomy
surface anatomy
study of general form and superficial markings
Regional Anatomy
study of Specific regions of the body(head,neck)
Systemic anatomy
study of organ systems(cardiovascular system)
forms of microscopic anatomy
cytology and histology
Cytology
study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Human Physiology
the study of the functions of the human body
cell physiology
the study of the functions of living cells
special physiology
the study of the physiology of specific organs
systemic physiology
functions of an organ system
Pathological physiology (pathology)
the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
anatomy is to structure as physiology is to
function
List the levels of organization in order
atom, molecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
chemical level of organization
atoms and micro/macro molecules
cellular level of organization
protein filaments, cell, organelle
what is an atom
smallest unit of matter
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms bonded together(micro or macromolecule)
what is a protein filament made of
globular proteins
What is a cell?
The basic unit of all living things
What is an organelle?
specialized part of cell having its own function
What is a tissue?
group of cells
What is an organ?
group of tissues
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function
What is part of the integumentary system?
hair, skin, nails
What does the integumentary system do?
protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature; provides sensory information
What makes up the skeletal ststem?
bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone narrow
What does a ligament do
connect bone to bone
What does the skeletal system do?
supports and protects tissues, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells
What makes up the muscular system?
muscles and tendons
What does a tendon do?
Connects (skeletal)muscle to bone
What does the muscular system do?
provides movement and protection for other tissues; produces heat
The majority of muscles are
skeletal muscles
What makes up the nervous system?
brain, spinal cord, nerves
What does the nervous system do?
Detects and reacts to stimuli, provides and interprets sensory info
What makes up the endocrine system?
Pineal+pituitary+thyroid+parathyroid+adrenalglands, thymus, pancreas, ovary(female), testis(male)
What does the endocrine system do?
directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
What makes up the cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels, blood
What does the cardiovascular system do?
transports blood including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide
Blood cells are formed by the __________ system and transported by the ________________
skeletal; cardiovascular
arteries carry _______ while veins carry _________
oxygenated blood; deoxygenated blood
What makes up the lymphatic system?
thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels
The thymus is part of which two organ systems
lymphatic and endocrine
What is the difference b/w blood vessel vs lymphatic vessel
Blood vessel carries (red) blood; lymphatic vessel carries (colorless) lymph derived from interstitial/ tissue fluid found b/w cells.
What makes up the respiratory system?
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphrams
larynx aka
voice box
What does the respiratory system do?
delivers air to lungs; produces sound for communication
What makes up the digestive system?
salivary gland, mouth,, teeth, tongue, esophagus, pharynx, liver, gallbladder,pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
The pharynx is apart of what two systems
digestive and respiratory
The pancreas is part of what two organ systems
Endocrine and Digestive system
What does the gallbladder do?
stores and releases bile
Bile play an important role in the digestion of what macromolecule
Lipids(fats)
Can humans survive without a gallbladder
Yes but one would need to watch fat consumption
Three parts of salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, submandibular
The pancreas produces what hormones?
insulin and glucagon
Pancreas produces enzymes that digest
all four macromolecules(carbs, proteins, lipids, Nucleic acids)
What does the digestive system do?
processes food and absorbs nutrients
What makes up the urinary system?
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
What does the urinary system do?
Eliminates waste products fro blood;controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produces
What does the urinary bladder do?
stores urine
What does the urethra do?
removes urine from the body
What makes up the male reproductive system?
prostate + seminal gland, urethra, epididymis, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens
The urethra is part of which two organ systems
Urinary and male reproductive systems.
The testis is part of which two organ systems
Endocrine and reproductive systems
Note 
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