Anatomy and Physiology chapter 1

What are the common functions of all living things?

Responsiveness(irritability), Growth, Reproduction, Movement, Metabolism

Define responsiveness

ability to sense and respond to stimuli/ change in immediate environment

example of responsiveness

jerk hand away after touching hot stove(pain stimulus)

Longer term change is called________

adaptation

example of adaptation

wolf growing thicker fur in the winter for insulation

Define Growth

an increase in cell size / number and individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions.

individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions is known as_______________

cellular differentiation

Examples of unicellular organisms

Prokaryotes-Bacteria, archaea; Eukaryotes-many protists, fungi (yeast)

Examples of multicellular organisms

plants, animals, fungi, and some protists

How do unicellular organisms grow?

Their one cell increases in size.

How do multicellular organisms grow?

By multiplying their cells

What are differentiated cells?

Cells that have developed specialized characteristics for particular functions

Define reproduction

Creation of new generations of the same kind of organisms

During Asexual reproduction parent divides________ to produce _____________ that are __________ to each other+parent

ONCE; TWO; GENETICALLY IDENTICAL

An example of asexual reproduction

Mitosis

In our body, mitosis allows us to__________ damaged cells

grow/ replace

what types of cells are produced by mitosis

somatic cells(all of our cells except egg and sperm)

Egg and sperm are

gametes

gametes(egg and sperm) are produced by_________

meiosis

In mitosis, each daughter cell has

46 chromosomes

In mitosis, each daughter cell has (same or different # of chromosomes) as parent?

SAME

During meiosis parent cell divides __________ times to produce _____________ genetically ________ daughter cells(gametes)

TWO; FOUR; DIFFERENT

in meiosis parent cell has ____ chromosomes; each daughter cell has _____ chromosomes

46;23

Meiosis is needed for what?

sexual reproduction

During sexual reproduction

genetic material(DNA) is exchanged b/w egg/sperm

Why are viruses not considered living?

They cannot reproduce by themselves. Use material within living cells to make copies of themselves

name two types of movement

internal movement and external movement

What is internal movement?

transporting blood, food, or other material within the body

What is external movement?

moving through the environment

What is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in the body consisting of anabolism and catabolism

Metabolism is needed for an organism to

grow, reproduce, and respond to changes

During anabolism

energy is used to create large molecules from smaller ones

Anabolism is

endergonic

During catabolism

Large, complex molecules are converted into many smaller, simple molecules and energy is released

catabolism is

exergonic

example of catabolism

breakdown of proteins into amino acids in digestive tract

Forms of Gross Anatomy

-surface anatomy
-regional anatomy
-systemic anatomy

surface anatomy

study of general form and superficial markings

Regional Anatomy

study of Specific regions of the body(head,neck)

Systemic anatomy

study of organ systems(cardiovascular system)

forms of microscopic anatomy

cytology and histology

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Human Physiology

the study of the functions of the human body

cell physiology

the study of the functions of living cells

special physiology

the study of the physiology of specific organs

systemic physiology

functions of an organ system

Pathological physiology (pathology)

the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

anatomy is to structure as physiology is to

function

List the levels of organization in order

atom, molecules, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

chemical level of organization

atoms and micro/macro molecules

cellular level of organization

protein filaments, cell, organelle

what is an atom

smallest unit of matter

What is a molecule?

2 or more atoms bonded together(micro or macromolecule)

what is a protein filament made of

globular proteins

What is a cell?

The basic unit of all living things

What is an organelle?

specialized part of cell having its own function

What is a tissue?

group of cells

What is an organ?

group of tissues

What is an organ system?

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

What is part of the integumentary system?

hair, skin, nails

What does the integumentary system do?

protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature; provides sensory information

What makes up the skeletal ststem?

bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone narrow

What does a ligament do

connect bone to bone

What does the skeletal system do?

supports and protects tissues, stores calcium and minerals, forms blood cells

What makes up the muscular system?

muscles and tendons

What does a tendon do?

Connects (skeletal)muscle to bone

What does the muscular system do?

provides movement and protection for other tissues; produces heat

The majority of muscles are

skeletal muscles

What makes up the nervous system?

brain, spinal cord, nerves

What does the nervous system do?

Detects and reacts to stimuli, provides and interprets sensory info

What makes up the endocrine system?

Pineal+pituitary+thyroid+parathyroid+adrenalglands, thymus, pancreas, ovary(female), testis(male)

What does the endocrine system do?

directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems

What makes up the cardiovascular system

heart, blood vessels, blood

What does the cardiovascular system do?

transports blood including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

Blood cells are formed by the __________ system and transported by the ________________

skeletal; cardiovascular

arteries carry _______ while veins carry _________

oxygenated blood; deoxygenated blood

What makes up the lymphatic system?

thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

The thymus is part of which two organ systems

lymphatic and endocrine

What is the difference b/w blood vessel vs lymphatic vessel

Blood vessel carries (red) blood; lymphatic vessel carries (colorless) lymph derived from interstitial/ tissue fluid found b/w cells.

What makes up the respiratory system?

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphrams

larynx aka

voice box

What does the respiratory system do?

delivers air to lungs; produces sound for communication

What makes up the digestive system?

salivary gland, mouth,, teeth, tongue, esophagus, pharynx, liver, gallbladder,pancreas, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus

The pharynx is apart of what two systems

digestive and respiratory

The pancreas is part of what two organ systems

Endocrine and Digestive system

What does the gallbladder do?

stores and releases bile

Bile play an important role in the digestion of what macromolecule

Lipids(fats)

Can humans survive without a gallbladder

Yes but one would need to watch fat consumption

Three parts of salivary glands

parotid, sublingual, submandibular

The pancreas produces what hormones?

insulin and glucagon

Pancreas produces enzymes that digest

all four macromolecules(carbs, proteins, lipids, Nucleic acids)

What does the digestive system do?

processes food and absorbs nutrients

What makes up the urinary system?

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

What does the urinary system do?

Eliminates waste products fro blood;controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produces

What does the urinary bladder do?

stores urine

What does the urethra do?

removes urine from the body

What makes up the male reproductive system?

prostate + seminal gland, urethra, epididymis, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens

The urethra is part of which two organ systems

Urinary and male reproductive systems.

The testis is part of which two organ systems

Endocrine and reproductive systems