OIA2004 PHARMACOLOGY OF ASTHMA

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 0 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Get a hint
Hint

Asthma pathophysiology

Get a hint
Hint

Airway obstruction from bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion.

Get a hint
Hint

Therapeutic goals in asthma

Get a hint
Hint

Reduce intensity/frequency of symptoms and minimize activity limitation.

Card Sorting

1/39

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

40 Terms

1
New cards

Asthma pathophysiology

Airway obstruction from bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion.

2
New cards

Therapeutic goals in asthma

Reduce intensity/frequency of symptoms and minimize activity limitation.

3
New cards

β2 agonists mechanism

Relax bronchial smooth muscle via β2-receptor activation → bronchodilation.

4
New cards

Short-acting β2 agonists (SABAs)

Rapid onset (5–30 min), relief lasts 4–6 hrs; used for acute symptom relief.

5
New cards

Examples of SABAs

Salbutamol (albuterol), levalbuterol, terbutaline (SC).

6
New cards

SABAs key points

No anti-inflammatory action; not for persistent asthma monotherapy.

7
New cards

SABA side effects

Tachycardia, insomnia , tremors, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia (minimized by inhalation).

8
New cards

Long-acting β2 agonists (LABAs)

Salmeterol, formoterol; duration ≥12 hrs due to high lipid solubility.

9
New cards

LABAs caution

Not for acute attacks; must be combined with an anti-inflammatory (e.g. ICS).

10
New cards

LABA side effects

Same as SABAs: tremors, tachycardia, etc.

11
New cards

ICS role

Primary anti-inflammatory agents; cornerstone for persistent asthma control.

12
New cards

ICS examples

Beclomethasone, fluticasone, budesonide (not listed in doc, but relevant).

13
New cards

ICS + LABA combinations

Improves control in moderate/severe asthma (e.g. fluticasone + salmeterol).

14
New cards

Leukotrienes in asthma

Derived via 5-lipoxygenase; cause bronchoconstriction, mucus production, eosinophil recruitment.

15
New cards

Zileuton

5-lipoxygenase inhibitor — blocks LT synthesis.

16
New cards

Montelukast, zafirlukast

Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists — block LTD₄, LTE₄ effects.

17
New cards

Indications for LTRAs

Prevention and long-term control of asthma; not for acute relief.

18
New cards

Zafirlukast metabolism

Food impairs absorption; inhibits CYP enzymes

19
New cards

LTRAs side effects

Headache, dyspepsia, elevated liver enzymes (esp. zileuton).

20
New cards

LTRAs excretion

Zileuton → urine; montelukast & zafirlukast → bile.

21
New cards

Cromolyn mechanism

Prevents mast cell degranulation and histamine release — anti-inflammatory.

22
New cards

Cromolyn indications

Prophylaxis in mild persistent asthma; not for acute attacks.

23
New cards

Cromolyn disadvantages

Short duration, requires TDS dosing → poor adherence.

24
New cards

Cromolyn side effects

Cough, throat irritation, unpleasant taste.

25
New cards

Theophylline mechanism

Bronchodilation via PDE3 inhibition; immunomodulation via PDE4 inhibition.

26
New cards

Therapeutic use

Chronic asthma; rarely used due to side effect profile and need for monitoring.

27
New cards

Theophylline adverse effects

Nausea, vomiting, arrhythmias, seizures at high levels.

28
New cards

Clearance variations

↑ in children and smokers; ↓ in neonates, liver disease, elderly.

29
New cards

Therapeutic range

5–20 mg/L; toxicity >20 mg/L, seizures >40 mg/L.

30
New cards

TDM necessity

Essential due to narrow therapeutic window.

31
New cards

Metabolism site (Theophylline)

Liver; affected by drug interactions, smoking, hepatic function.

32
New cards

Factors affecting clearance

↑ by enzyme inducers, smoking; ↓ by hepatic disease, certain drugs.

33
New cards

Ipratropium mechanism

Blocks muscarinic receptors → prevents vagally-mediated bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion.

34
New cards

Ipratropium indications

Asthma (adjunct), COPD, intolerant to SABAs, used in ED settings with SABA.

35
New cards

Onset of ipratropium

Slower than SABAs — not suitable as sole rescue medication.

36
New cards

Anticholinergic side effects (Ipratropium)

Dry mouth (xerostomia), bitter taste.

37
New cards

All asthma patients

Must have a rescue inhaler (usually a SABA).

38
New cards

Controller medications

Required for persistent asthma to prevent inflammation and remodeling.

39
New cards

LABA monotherapy

Contraindicated due to risk of asthma-related death — always combine with ICS.

40
New cards

Non-pharmacologic adjuncts

Trigger avoidance, smoking cessation, vaccination (e.g. flu, pneumococcus).