NEMATODES, PROTOZOANS, SPECIMEN COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
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318 Terms
Endoparasite
Definition of Terms
Habitat
parasite living inside the body of the host
Ectoparasite
Definition of Terms
Habitat
parasite living outside the body of the host
Obligate
Definition of Terms
Mode of Development
requires host to complete its developmental cycle
Facultative
Definition of Terms
Mode of Development
can be free-living or become parasitic
Accidental/incidental
Definition of Terms
Mode of Living
establishes itself in a host where it does not ordinarily live
Permanent
Definition of Terms
Mode of Living
remains in or on the host for the entire life
Temporary
Definition of Terms
Mode of Living
lives in the host only for a short period of time
Spurious
Definition of Terms
Mode of Living
free-living organism that passes through the digestive tract without infecting the host
Definitive/Final
Definition of Terms
Classification of Host
the parasite attains sexual maturity
Intermediate
Definition of Terms
Classification of Host
harbors the larval stages of the parasite
Paratenic
Definition of Terms
Classification of Host
parasite remains alive and is able to infect other susceptible host
Biologic
Definition of Terms
Vectors
transmits the parasite after the completion of its development in the host; necessary for the completion of its life cycle
Mechanical/Phoretic
Definition of Terms
Vectors
no development of the parasitic life cycle; only transports the parasite
Specific
Definition of Terms
Host Specificity
found only in one specie and cannot survive in other species
Nonspecific
Definition of Terms
Host Specificity
can reside to other host
unembryonated
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Roundworms are _, elongated, cylindrical in shape
chemoreceptors
Nematodes
General Characteristics
With sensory organs known as _ (for chemical response)
Oviparous
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Females may be:
_ – lays unembryonated egg
Viviparous
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Females may be:
_ – lays embryonated egg (usual IS of nematodes)
Larviparous
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Females may be:
_ – lays larva
Egg
Larva
Adult
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Developmental stage/Life cycle: _ → _ → _
Eggs
Nematodes
General Characteristics
3 basic morphologic forms:
Vary in size and shape
Larvae
Nematodes
General Characteristics
3 basic morphologic forms:
Long and slender
pointed
curved
Nematodes
General Characteristics
3 basic morphologic forms:
Female worms are usually larger than adult males (w/ _ tail); males have _ tails
Anterior
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
_ end: Equipped with hooks, teeth, plates and papillae for abrasion, attachment and sensory response
hyaline
Subcuticular
muscle
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
Supporting body wall:
Outer, _, noncellular cuticle
_ epithelium
Layer of _ cells
Alimentary tract
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
Simple tube extending from mouth to anus
Mouth
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
Digestive system:
Located at the anterior end
Maybe equipped with hooks,teeth, plates and other structures
Buccal Cavity
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
Digestive system:
Sucking purposes
Tubular or funnel-shaped
Esophagus
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
Digestive system:
Used for species identification for nematodes
A muscular tube that pumps food posteriorly into the intestine
Varies in size, shape and structures
diffusion
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
Nutrients are transported via _
Chemoreceptors
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
sensory organs; chemical response
Amphid
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
cephalic chemoreceptors; near the head
Phasmid
Nematodes
General Characteristics
Adult Nematode
caudal chemoreceptors; near the tail
Trichuris trichiura
Trichinella spiralis
Capillaria philippinensis
Nematodes
Classification
Without caudal chemoreceptor organ (phasmids) (3)
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Enterobius vermicularis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Filarial worms
Hookworms
Dracunculus medinensis
Nematodes
Classification
With caudal chemoreceptor organ (phasmids) (7)
T-CASH (small intestine)
Trichinella spiralis (adult)
Capillaria philippinensis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Nematodes
Classification
Intestinal nematodes
Small intestine (5)
ET (large intestine)
Enterobius vermicularis
Trichuris trichiura
Nematodes
Classification
Intestinal nematodes
Large intestine (2)
Trichinella spiralis (larvae)
Nematodes
Classification
Extraintestinal nematodes
muscles
Dracunculus medinensis
Nematodes
Classification
Extraintestinal nematodes
subcutaneous tissue
Angostringylus medinensis
Nematodes
Classification
Extraintestinal nematodes
brain
Filarial worms
Nematodes
Classification
Extraintestinal nematodes
lymphatics
Giant Intestinal Round Worm
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Common name
Small intestine
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Habitat
Ingestion
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Mode of transmission
Embryonated egg
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Infective stage
Ova & adult
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Diagnostic stage
Man
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Final host
eosinophilia
Intestinal perforation
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Symptoms and pathology:
Pneumonia, cough, fever, _ during larval migration
Vomiting and abdominal pain
_ _ is possible
Vitelline membrane
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Morphology
Egg shell consists of 3 layers:
Inner
Glycogen layer
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Morphology
Egg shell consists of 3 layers:
Middle
Albuminous/mammillary coat
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Morphology
Egg shell consists of 3 layers:
Outermost
Absent
Present
Present
ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES EGG | ||
Unfertilized | ||
Layer | Present or Absent | Description |
Inner | _ | No vitelline membrane |
Middle | _ | Glycogen |
Outer | _ | Refractile lecithin granules |
Present
Present
Present
Fertilized | ||
Inner | _ | Vitelline membrane |
Middle | _ | Glycogen |
Outer | _ | Albuminous/Mammillary |
Present
Present
Absent
Fertilized, Decorticated | ||
Layer | Present or Absent | Description |
Inner | _ | Vitelline membrane |
Middle | _ | Glycogen |
Outer | _ | Chitin – outermost layer of decorticated egg |
trilobate
white
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Adult
Characteristic appearance:
Terminal mouth with _ lips and a small triangular buccal cavity
Cuticle with a faint longitudinal _ lateral lines
Which is seen as a whitish streak along the entire length of the body
pencil lead
incurved
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Adult
Female:
22 to 35 cm
Resembles a _ _ in thickness
Male:
Seldom reaching 30 cm in length
Prominent _ tail
Ascariasis
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
_: Roundworm infection
Abdominal pain
Vomiting & fever
Diarrhea
Malnutrition
Complications like worm bolus
Asymptomatic
When a px ingest only a few eggs
Loeffler’s Disease
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
heart to lung migration
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Parasites that cause heart to lung migration (3)
Stool (DFS)
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen of choice
Small intestine
Gall bladder
Liver
Appendix
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Laboratory Diagnosis
Adult worms may be recovered in: (4)
Trichuris trichiura
Ascaris lumbricoides
Strongyloides stercoralis
Hookworms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Soil-transmitted helminths: (4)
Hookworms
Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Triad of infection: (3)
Albendazole and mebendazole
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Treatment (2)
Dientamoeba fragilis
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Epidemiology
In addition to pinworm, may be responsible for transmitting _ _
Pinworm, Seatworm, Social Worm, Society Worm
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Common name (4)
Ingestion, inhalation, autoinfection
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Mode of transmission (3)
Embryonated egg
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Infective stage
Ova & adult
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Diagnostic stage
Man
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Final Host
D
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Eggs
Oval egg is flattened on one side
Lopsided ovum or “_” shaped ovum
perianal
lateral wings
cephalic alae
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Adults
Yellowish-white
Oviposit eggs at the _ region at night
Head with _ _ or _ _
Enterobiasis
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Symptoms and Pathology
pinworm infection
Retroinfection
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Symptoms and Pathology
Infective pinworm eggs that migrate back into the host body
It develops and reproduces rather than being dislodged
Autoinfection
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Symptoms and Pathology
Infected individuals reinfect themselves
Possible if an infective pinworm eggs are ingested via hand to mouth contamination
Cellophane tape preparation from the perianal region
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen of choice:
Eggs, adult
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Cellophane tape preparation from the perianal region:
_ and _ may be seen
light infection
free
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Cellophane tape preparation from the perianal region:
Multiple samples may be required:
To confirm the presence of _ _
To determine that a patient is _ of infection
Stool
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Laboratory Diagnosis
_ samples
Eggs and/or adults may be recovered in rare occasions
10 PM - 2 AM
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Best time of collection is at _
Albendazole, mebendazole or pyrantel pamoate
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Treatment (3)
US
Dientamoeba fragilis
trophozoite
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis
Epidemiology
Worldwide
Most common helminth in _
E. vermicularis is responsible for the transmission of _ _
D. fragilis _ is inside the pinworm egg
Whipworm
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Common name
Ingestion
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Mode of transmission
Embryonated egg
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Infective stage
Ova
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Diagnostic stage
Man
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Final host
Large intestine
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Habitat
Trichuriasis
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Symptoms and Pathology:
_: Whipworm Infection
Trichuriasis
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Symptoms and Pathology:
_: Whipworm Infection
Barrel, football, japanese lantern, lemon
polar plug
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Morphology
Eggs
Characteristic appearance:
_-shaped, _ shaped, _ _ & _ shaped
A prominent hyaline _ _ is visible at each end
Yellowish brown due to bile contact
50 to 55 μm by 25 μm
whip
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Morphology
Adults
Anterior end
Colorless and contains a slender esophagus
Smaller and looks like a _
curled
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Morphology
Adults
Adult male
Usually smaller than the adult female
Contains easily recognizable _ tail
Stool
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen of choice: _
Macroscopic examination (adult worms)
Mebendazole or albendazole
Nematodes
Trichuris trichiura
Treatment
Pudoc Worm, Mystery Worm/Disease
Nematodes
Capillaria philippinensis
Common name
Ingestion
Nematodes
Capillaria philippinensis
Mode of transmission
Larva
Nematodes
Capillaria philippinensis
Infective stage
Egg
Nematodes
Capillaria philippinensis
Diagnostic stage