psyc 1 final 낱말 카드 | Quizlet

Attention

cognitive process of focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring others.

Selective attention

we choose what to focus on

overt and covert attention

overt: shifting gaze directly at what you're focusing on

covert: mentally attending to something without moving your eyes

Posner cueing paradigm

spacial attention, cue directs attention to one side

result: people respond faster to targets in cued location, showing attention can enhance perception

Memory (3 types)

Sensory: immediate, large storage, millisecond

Working: short term storage, last secs to minutes

Long term: infinite storage,

Maintenance rehearsal

repeating info to keep in working memory

encoding & retrieval

encode: converting info into long-term memory, creating acronym to remember

retrieval: assessing stored info, recalling childhood memory from photo

Chunking

grouping into chunks so its easier to remember

encoding speciicity

when you retrieve better in a environment you have encoded the info

Hippocampus in memory

creating long-term memory

Anterograde Amnesia

not being able to create new memory after brain damage, in hippocampus, damages explicit memory but implicit could remain

Schematic knowledge

schemas are mental frameworks that help us process info but can distort memories, when you "expect" smt to be there

Classical Conditioning

learned association between neutral stimulus and stimulus that bring out automatic response ex) pavlov dog

Unconditioned Stimulus

Unconditioned Response

Conditioned Stimulus

Conditioned Response

US: produces an uncondiitoned response w/out any training or learning (loud thunder)

UR: automatic response to US (scared of thunder)

CS: previously neutral stimulus (doesnt produce unconditioned response) used in classical conditioning) (sees firework)

CR: an automatic response to stimulus (Usually same as UR) (scared of thunder)

Operant Conditioning

Learning through consequences of behavior

Law of Effect

behaviors w rewards are more likely to be repeated and behaviors w punished are less likely

reinforcement

positive punishment: adding unpleasant stimulus (getting speed ticket)

negative punishment: removing pleasant stimulus (taking away phone)

system 1

System 2

1: automatic, fast, intuitive thinking

2: slow, thoughtful, logical thinking

Defining Heuristic

Availability Heuristic:

Framing Heuristic

Anchoring Heuristic

Confirmation Bias:

Representative Heuristic

Defining Heuristic: sticking with default option

Availability Heuristic: deciding based on what was most available to you / last available

Framing Heuristic: framing the questions effected

Anchoring Heuristic: using reference point to guide decisions

Confirmation Bias: seeking info that fits your belief / expectation

Representative Heuristic: assuming a category is represented by just one person representing

Dualism and Monolism

Dualism: mental phenomena where physical body and mind are seperate

monolism: mental experience can be explain by physical processes, happening in brain, mind and body in 1

Automatic Nervous System (sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic)

regulating involuntary bodily functions (heart rates, digestions, breathing)

sympathic: fight or flight

parasympathetic: rest or digest

James-Lange theory of Emotions

Emotions are result of physiological responses: issues because it doesnt make sense, exercise dont cause fear, fever doesnt lead to anger

Schacter- Singer theory

emotional experience requires physical response and cognitive interpretation --> same ANS response can lead to diff emotions based on interpretation

neurons

make up nervous system, brain. transmit electrical signals

3 types of neurons

Sensory neurons: afferent, sending signal from body to brain

motor neurons: efferent, sending signal away from brain to body

Interneurons: pass messages from one neuron to other (action potential: all or none, creating zap of electricity that travels down the axon. LIKE A CONNECTING NEURON

Neurons: cell body (Soma), dentrites, axon, myelin sheath, axon terminal

Cell body (soma): contains cellular structures and nucleus

dendrites: receives signals down from neurons

axon: cell transmit signal down length of axon

myelin sheath: speeds up signal

axon terminal: end of neuron, sends signals to other neurons

Drugs

Agonist

Antagonist

Drugs act on brain by influencing synaptic communication

agonist: increase effect of neurotransmitter (fake NT) more NT

antagonist: decrease effect of neurotransmitter

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

CNS: brain and spinal cord

PNS: everything else, nerves

Brain regions

Hippocampus:

Amygdala:

Frontal lobe:

Parietal lobe

Occipital lobe:

Temporal lobe:

Hippocampus: creating memory

Amygdala: emotions, especially fear

Frontal lobe: planning, personality, judgement, decision making

Parietal lobe: attention, sense of touch, spaticial sense

Occipital lobe: visual processing

Temporal lobe: hearing, memory

Split brain patients

damage in corpus callosum, where it connects two hemispheres together

sensation and perception

sensation: process of detecting external stimuli (light, sound, chemicals)

perception: interpretation of sensory info, turning into meaningful way

diff: sensation is raw data while perception is how brain interprets the data

Vision and Perception

Pupil:

rods:

cones:

Pupil: expands in dark, constricts in bright

rods: low light vision, no color, high sensitivity, periphery of retina

cones: color vision, sharp details, bright light, in fovea

DMS-5

standardized criteria for mental disorders but doesnt offer biological explanations explanations or treatment plans

Polythetic Diagnosis

Categorical Diagnosis

Potential bias:

Polythetic Diagnosis: patients can have diff symptoms with same diagnosis

Categorical Diagnosis: disorders are often treated as all or nothing, problem since symptoms are diverse

Potential Bias: overdiagnosing normal behaviors, cultural bias, influence from pharmaceutral companies

Diathesis-Stress Model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop combination of genetic predisposition and environmental stressor

Psychoanalytic therapy

focuses unconscious confllicts / past experiences/ very subjective

Humanistic therapy

focuses personal growth. and self esteem and realization / with unconditional positive reward, active listening

cognitive behavioral therapy

changes malaptive thoughts and behaviors

Dispositional factors

Situational factors

dispositional: internal traits (personality, intelligence, motivation)

situational: external traits (social norms, peer pressure, environmental context)

Good personality test (Reliability, Validity)

Reliability: consistent over time

validity: how well test measure what it claims to measure (how it correspond to real world)

Big Personality Test OCEAN

Extraversion: sociability

Neuroticism: anxiety, more arguable, emotionally unstable

Conscientiousness: responsible, organized, productive

Agreeableness: compassion, respectful, less arguing

openness to experience: creative, curious

Attribution, 3 QS

Consistency

Distinctiveness

Consensus

Attribution: process of explaining the causes of behavior, either by dispositional or situational factors

Consistency: does this person regularly behave this way?

Distinctiveness: how specific is the behavior to this situation?

Consensus: do people in general behave in that situation

Fundamental Attribution Error

when evaluating other people, tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors

self serving bias

tendency to attribute our success to dispositional factors and failures to situational factors

Milgrim Study

investigated whether people would follow orders, even when the order violated their ethical standards. Most people were far more obedient than anyone expected.

Pluristic ignorance

Spotlight effect

pi: when people assume others have different belief from their own, leading to inactive

SE: perceptions of what people think of us (overestimating)

Conformity:

ObedienceL

Informational Influence:

Normative Influence:

Descriptive Norm

Conformity: tendency for individuals to behave like others in their group

Obedience: abiding with authority figure

Informational Influence: Following others cuz you think they have more info

Normative Influence: following group desire to fit in

Descriptive Norm: perception of what others think or do, influencing our decision

Asch Conformity Studies

line match test, 75% conformed at least once even answer was completely wrong

Piaget's Developmental age

Sensorimotor stage:

Preoperational Stage

Concrete Operational Stage

Formal Operational Stage

Sensorimotor stage (0-2): develops object permanence,

Preoperational Stage (3-7): symbolic thinking, egocentrium, lack of conservation

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11): logical thinking, conservation mastery

Formal Operational Stage (12+): abstract thinking, hypothetical thinking

Object permanence

Understanding object exists even when its not in front of you

Conservation

recognizing quantity is same despite change in shape

attachment

secure attachment

Avoidant attachment

anxious attachment

secure attachment: upset when mom leaves, comfort after return, explores

Avoidant attachment: dont cry when leaving, arent relieved upon return

anxious attachment: dont explore even when mom is around, upset not comfort even after return

Sensitive period

time window when brain is primed to particular environmental influence, window of opportunities

Neural plasticity, brain's ability to adapt and reorganzie in response to experience

research method WEIRD:

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich , Demographic