Discuss the main causes of a forced migration you have studied. You should refer to specific examples in your answer. [12 marks]

Start

There are number of push and pull factors that have caused the Syrian refugee

migration to Turkey.

Examples of push factors include:

When the civil war started PUSH FACTOR

Civil war which started in 2011 between Assad’s government and rebel groups (1)

Destruction PUSH FACTOR

Caused destruction of homes and businesses, contributing to homelessness and unemployment (30% in 2011) (1)

Protesters PUSH FACTOR

In 2011, Assad’s government shot at civilian protesters in the street. In 2015, Assad’s forces used chemical weapons (gas) on civilian housing. (1)

Lack of necessities PUSH FACTOR

Lack of access to food, water, and basic necessities (petrol, clothes) due to

manufacturing and trade stopping as a result of the war. (1)

In many areas fuel Is completely unavailable for extended periods of time. (1)

Drought famines PUSH FACTOR

Extreme drought from 2006 – 2010 destroyed livestock and crops. This contributed to widespread famine and loss of income. (1)

Neighbouring country PULL FACTOR

Turkey is a neighbouring country so migrants have a shorter distance to travel. (1) This might reduce high costs and danger of travelling to other countries. (1)

Culture PULL FACTOR

Turkey’s similar culture and religion makes it easier for Syrians to fit in. (1)

Migrant network PULL FACTOR

Turkey has received approx. 3.6 million refugees from Syria. There is an established migrant network in the country making it easier to settle in. (1)

Open door policy PULL FACTOR

The Turkish government had an ‘Open Door’ policy, making it easy to move in

to the country as a refugee. (1)

Refugee camps PULL FACTOR

Turkey has provided refugee camps which provide basic shelter, food, and water for migrants who have lost their homes, along with education facilities for children. (1)