unit 4 world

These flashcards cover the key concepts of the lecture notes, designed to help you prepare for your upcoming exam. The flashcards are in a question and answer format.

What maritime technology, first developed in China, helped sailors reckon their location accurately on the seas?

The compass.

What maritime technology enabled ships to determine their latitude and longitude by measuring the angle of the sun or stars above the horizon?

The astrolabe.

What maritime technology, first developed by Muslim merchants, was a triangular sail which could take wind on either side and allowed for much more efficient sailing?

The Lateen sail.

What was improved and detailed which helped sailors know exactly where they were?

Maritime Charts of stars and constellations.

What was the name for the Portuguese ships that were much smaller, more agile on the water, able to enter coastal areas easily, and were equipped with cannons?

Caravels.

What was the name for the Portuguese ship that was much larger than the caravel, could carry way more cargo, and had more guns?

Carrack.

Which country dethroned the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean trade and developed the fluyt?

The Dutch.

What type of ship was designed specifically for trade, had massive cargo holds, required much smaller crews, and was cheap to build because of innovative tools?

Fluyt.

What three major religions interacted with one another during the time period of 1200-1450?

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

What ethnic religion of the Jewish people worshiped one God, not many gods?

Judaism.

What religion was established by a Jewish prophet who claimed to be the messiah?

Christianity.

What empire eventually embraced Christianity and began the most significant influence of Christianity upon Europe?

Roman Empire.

What religion was founded by the prophet Muhammad in the seventh century on the Arabian Peninsula?

Islam.

What does Dar-al-Islam mean when being translated?

The House of Islam or everywhere Islam was the prominent religion around 1200.

Which Islamic Empire was established in the 8th century?

Abbasids.

Which group replaced the Umayyad Caliphate?

Abbasids.

What group invited about 80 members of the Umayyad family to a nice dinner, and then hacked them to pieces?

Abbasids.

What are the names of the Turkic empires that largely replaced the Abbasid Empire?

The Seljuks, Mamluks, and the Delhi Sultanate.

Which group was established in the 11th century in Central Asia and were brought in by the Abbasids as a professional military force?

The Seljuks.

What group ruled Egypt under the leadership of Saladin?

The Ayyubids.

What meant "enslaved person?"

Mamluks.

Which group established a Muslim state in the north of South Asia and ruled over the Hindu population for about 300 years?

Delhi Sultanate.

What allowed for trade and the movement of Muslim merchants throughout Africa?

North Africa being ruled by Muslims.

What empire converted to Islam, for many reasons, but chief among them was the increased access to trade among Dar-al-Islam?

Empire of Mali.

What was a popular and emerging form of Islam that emphasized mystical connection?

Sufism.

Who invented trigonometry so that he could better understand how the planets and stars moved through the sky?

Al-Tusi.

What was a massive and world famous library to which scholars from all over the world came to study religion and the natural sciences?

The House of Wisdom.

What refers to the exchange of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the Eastern and Western hemispheres?

The Columbian Exchange.

What disease was carried by mosquitoes introduced to the Americas by enslaved Africans and killed millions of indigenous Americans?

Malaria.

Which highly contagious disease spread rapidly in densely populated areas also killing millions?

Measles.

Once introduced in 1518, what disease spread through North and Central America and then down into South America where it killed something like half the population in those places?

Smallpox.

What is a type of agriculture in which food is grown primarily for sale to other places?

Cash cropping.

What animals did European settlers bring with them to the New World?

Pigs, sheep, and cattle.

Which animal fundamentally changed the way of life of several indigenous peoples in North America by allowing them to more effectively hunt large herds of buffalo?

Horses.

Why did European states begin building maritime empires?

Because they wanted to enrich themselves, spread Christianity, and be the greatest power in the world.

Which group was the first to establish what became known as a trading post empire around Africa and throughout the Indian Ocean?

The Portuguese.

What country took over as the kings of the Indian Ocean trade, deposing the Portuguese quickly?

The Dutch.

Which country set up a few trading posts along the coast of India?

The English.

What are the examples of attempts to resist European domination?

Resistance in Japan and China.

What was the name for voyages motivated to essentially create a situation in which administration of the maritime trade in the Indian Ocean was processed through the Chinese state?

The Zheng He voyages.

What group in west Africa partnered with the Portuguese and later the British by providing highly desired goods like gold and enslaved people?

Asante.

What kingdom in the south made strong economic ties to Portuguese traders who were highly desirous to obtain copper, ivory, and enslaved people from this state?

Kongo.

What is a system in which subjects of the empire were required to provide labor or service for state projects for a certain number of days each year?

The Mita System.

What is a word that means "movable property?"

Chattel.

What was a contact a laborer would sign that bound them to a particular work for a period of time, usually seven years?

Indenture.

What labor system was used to compel indigenous Americans into working for colonial landowners?

Encomienda system.

What were large agricultural estates owned by elite Spaniards and on which indigenous laborers were compelled to work the fields?

Haciendas.

What describes an economic system that emphasizes the buildup of mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable balance of trade (more exports than imports)?

Mercantilism.

What was a limited liability company, often chartered by the state, which was funded by a group of investors?

Joint-stock company.

What company was chartered in 1602 by the Dutch state who subsequently granted the company a monopoly on trade in the Indian Ocean?

Dutch East India Company.

What describes the movement of goods, wealth, and laborers between the Eastern and Western hemispheres?

Columbian Trade.

What happens when states were deprived of male population due to the African Slave Trade?

Increase in polygyny.

What is it called when diverse enslaved Africans adopted creole languages as a synthesis of European and African languages?

Syncretism.

When did Spain issue a decree expelling all Jews from their kingdom because they were afraid that the Jews who had converted to Christianity would be tempted to convert back if any Jews remained to influence them?

1492.

What group made up the high land-owning class in Russia and exerted great power in the politics of the empire for centuries?

Boyars.

What were concessions made by the Ottoman state to an aristocratic class in return for service to the government, usually military service?

Timars.

What resistance to expansion occurred in France when the French monarch, Louis XIV, passed a series of new taxes that increased burdens among French subjects, and the French nobles led peasants in spontaneous rebellions?

The Fronde.

Which group resisted expansion when Nzinga, a ruler over the kingdoms of Ndongo and Matamba, allied with the Dutch and the Kingdom of the Kongo in order to resist the Portuguese armies?

Resistance in Africa.

Where did the Pueblo people organize under a local leader named Pope and violently rebel against the Spanish, killing many missionaries and leaders in the process?

North America.

What were communities of free formerly enslaved blacks known as?

Maroon societies.

What was the name for the rebellion in South Carolina when a group of enslaved persons stormed a local armory and traveled through the countryside murdering their enslavers?

The Stono Rebellion.

What made up social categories in colonial society based on ancestry and

Casta system