Bacteria and Viruses

1. Most bacteria are ________________________ (autotroph / heterotroph) because they must get food from an outside source. However, cyano-bacteria can use the sun to produce food, therefore are called ___________________________. Some perform _____________________________, getting food from chemical compounds.

heterotroph

autotrophic

chemosynthesis

2. The three shapes of bacteria are ____________________ (which is round/spherical), _____________________ (which is rod-shaped), and ___________________, (which is spiral-shaped).

cocci

bacilli

spirilla

What is the tail of a bacteria called?

falgellum

In what ways are bacteria beneficial to us/

can produce food (yogurt), serve to protect against harmful bacteria, clean up oil spill

What can be taken to treat a bacterial infection

antibiotic

List 3 ways to prevent a bacterial infection

1. wash hands and surfaces

2. use of disinfectants on surfaces

3. use refrigerator to slow growth on food

True or False

Disinfectants are used to destroy bacteria on nonliving inanimate objects

TRUE

True or False

A pathogen is harmful to living organisms because it causes disease

TRUE

9. Antibiotics are effective against ________________________but not ____________________.

bacteria

viruses

10. The process by which a dead or disabled pathogen (or proteins from that pathogen) is introduced into the body so that an immune response results without an actual infection is called?

Vaccination/Vaccine

autotroph

Use energy from the sunlight to produce food/energy

heterotroph

obtains energy from organic matter

Are viruses living or non-living?

non-living

What are viruses composed of?

What is on the inside?

Capsid (protein coat) with DNA or RNA inside

When a virus injects its DNA into the host cell, it hijacks the host, forcing it to _______________________the viral DNA. Once the viral proteins are assembled, the cell _________________________, releasing the viruses. This is referred to as the __________________________ cycle.

replicate/make copies

bursts

lytic

If the viral DNA is not immediately copied, it becomes integrated within the host's ____________________. When the host cell divides, the daughter cells produced will also contain copies of the ________________. The virus may be ____________________ for several years in this state, but it is being spread. This is called the ___________________ cycle. Once it becomes active again, the lytic cycle will take over.

DNA

viral DNA

dormant/inactive

lysogenic

Pathogenic

disease causing either from a bacteria or virus

Viruses do not respond to _______________________. The body produces interferons to help fight viruses. Humans can receive immunity from viruses through _______________________, which is when we are injected with dead or weakened viruses so that ___________________________ will be produced against it.

antibiotics

vaccines

immunity/antibodies

Which cycle is a cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction?

lytic

Is the host cell destroyed during the lysogenic cycle?

No

What is the protective outer coat of a virus called?

capsid

Does a typical virus or bacteria consist of a protein coat and a nucleic acid core of DNA or RNA

Virus

Viruses are surrounded by a _________________ coat called a capsid.

protein

List some reasons why viruses are NOT considering living

1. a virus needs a host cell to reproduce, obtain, and use energy

2. does not contain all characteristic of life

bacteriophage

viruses that invade bacteria

binary fission

when a bacterium grows to twice its normal size and replicates its DNA and divides is called...

lysogenic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA

prokaryotes

cells that do not have a nucleus

archae

the smaller group of prokaryotes that tend to live in harsh/extreme environments

conjunction

the process by which bacteria exchange genetic information through a 'bridge like' structure

lytic cycle

a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses

virus

a non-cellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells

Discuss why it is important to take an antibiotic through the whole course of treatment.

After the first few days, any remaining bacteria is more resistant to the antibiotics. Therefore, if the medicine is not taken for the time prescribed, the stronger bacteria can survive and reproduce. This then leads to an increase of antibiotic resistant bacteria

Louis Pasteur

A French chemist, this man discovered that heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine, and beer (pasteurization).

Koch's Postulates

a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

Germ Theory of Disease

the principle that microorganisms cause disease

Robert Koch

Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens