474 Neuro test #2

Hemianopia

½ of visual field is lost

Heteronymous

Loss of ½ the visual field on different sides Bitemporal/ Binasal

Homonymous

Both RVF or LVF is lost

Romberg’s Test

Increased sway with eyes closed or loss of balance is positive

Decussation

It crosses

Anesthesia

complete loss/ loss of feeling

Hypoasthesia

Decreased feeling

Hyperasthesia

Increased feeling

Atopognosis

Can’t localize where they’re being touched

Analgesia

Complete loss

Hypoalgesia

Decreased pain

Hyperalgesia

Increased pain

Astereognosis

Inability to recognize common objects by touch

Tactile Agnosia

Recognition disorder caused by a cortical sensory lesion rather than pathway

Five major levels of integrated motor control for speech

1. Cerebral cortex

2. Subcortical Nuclei of the Cerebrum

3. Brain stem

4. Cerebellum

5. Spinal Cord

Three great motor subsystems

1. Pyramidal

2. Extrapyramidal

3. Cerebellar

Paralysis

Gross limitation of movement

Paresis

Incomplete paralysis

Hemiparalysis/ Hemiplegia

Complete or near complete on one side

Hyporeflexia

Reduced reflex response

Atrophy

Loss of muscle bulk

Fibrillations

Twitching of single muscle fibers

Fasciculations

Contractions of groups of muscle fibers (eye twitch)

Hypertonia

Too much tone in the body

Clonus

Resistance, hard to move in range of motion

Rigidity

Plastic range of motion

Hyperreflexia

Too much of a reflex

Babinski sign

They’re toes spread out

Rods

Night vision

Cones

Day vision

Visual acuity

Clearness

Unilateral paralysis (LMN)

Damage to the Trigeminal nerve

Unilateral paralysis (UMN)

Wouldn’t change much

Bilateral paralysis (UMN)

Limit to jaw movement

Describe bilateral symmetry

Bilateral innervation for motor nuclei

Controls midline speech muscles

Primary purpose is swallowing!!

What is contralateral innervation?

One side of the brain controls the muscles on the opposite side of the body

What is unilateral innervation?

A muscle receives motor input from only one side of the brain

What is a motor unit

1. Single anterior horn cell

2. Peripheral axon and branches motor neuropathy

3. Myoneural junction

4. Muscle fibers

What is a LMN paralysis

Flaccid paralysis caused by damage to the cranial or peripheral nerve or anterior horn cell

LMN= Flaccid, Atrophy, fasiculations, hyporeflexia

What is UMN paralysis

Spastic paralysis caused by damage to the motor pathways in the brain or spinal cord

UMN= spastic, Hyper, & Babinski

Parts of the motor cell

1. Motor cell (LMN cell body)

2. Axon (carries signal to body)

3. Myoneural junction (where nerve meets muscle)

4. Muscle Fibers (muscle being activated)

Motor unit diseases

Motor cell: ALS or polio

Axon: Guillen- Barre syndrome or peripheral neuropathy

Myoneural junction: Myasthenia Gravis

Muscle fibers: muscular dystrophy

Double stimulation

Two simultaneous tactile stim are presented to both side of the body in similar or different areas

Determines lateralized loss

What is a UMN?

All neurons of the anterior and lateral cs tracts

What is a LMN?

Neurons that send motor axons into peripheral nerves

What is a pyramidal system

Involuntary reflexes and movement, posture control

What are the 3 major tracts

1. Corticospinal tract

2. Coriticobulbar tract

3. Corticopontine tract