DCUSH 1301 - Unit 3 Study Guide

Treaty of Ghent

document signed in 1814 which ended the War of 1812 (effectively returning everything to the status quo before the war)

John Marshall

Supreme Court chief justice from 1801-1835 who made the judicial branch relatively equal in power to the executive and legislative branches

Andrew Jackson

military leader and later general who slaughtered Creek Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, seized the Spanish fort at Pensacola, and prevailed at the Battle of New Orleans

James Madison

president from 1809-1817 associated with the Nonintercourse Agreement, annexation of Baton Rouge, and declaration of war on Great Britain

Tecumseh

Indian leader who coordinated an alliance and the military efforts of those who had rallied around the Prophet's religious message

Tenskwatawa

Indian leader also known as 'the Prophet' who preached about the superiority of Indian culture and the need to resist the ways of the white man who inspired a religious revival that sparked cooperation among Indian tribes

Marbury

'midnight appointee' of John Adams' whose problems receiving his Supreme Court commission papers ended in a landmark lawsuit which asserted the judiciary branch's right to nullify an act of Congress

Causes of the War of 1812

Great Britain courted the favor of disgruntled Indians in the West; the British refused to respect America's neutral status during the Napoleonic Wars; Jefferson's assimilation policies sparked a confederacy of rebellious Indians.

the North

US region which tended to support tariffs

effect of the War of 1812

It highlighted issues with US infrastructure, which ultimately resulted in the making of 'internal improvements.

Marbury v Madison

court case which asserted the right of the Supreme Court to nullify an act of Congress

Fletcher v. Peck

court case which asserted the right of the Supreme Court to strike down state laws

Thomas Jefferson

third president of the US who won the election of 1800, signifying a transfer of power from Federalists to Republicans in the executive and legislative branches

Judiciary Act of 1801

legislation passed to ensure Federalist control of the court system in light of the results of the election of 1800 ('midnight appointees')

Alexander Hamilton

George Washington's choice to head the Department of the Treasury

Federalists

promoted a strong national government with broad powers, growth of manufacturing and industry, Alien and Sedition Act, broad interpretation of Constitution, pro-Jay's Treaty, pro-Britain, primarily supported by New Englanders, and led by Alexander Hamilton

Democratic-Republicans

promoted states' rights and limited power for federal government, agrarian republic, Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, strict construction of Constitution, pro-French, primarily supported by southerners/westerners, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

judicial review

idea that the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional

military

Jefferson cut down on government expenses primarily by cutting back on ___ expenses.

causes of the first Barbary War

pasha of Tripoli declared war on US because Jefferson refused Barbary states' demands to pay increased tributes (bribes)

make treaties

how Jefferson Constitutionally justified his purchase of Louisiana--the Constitution specifies that the President has the right to...

Lewis and Clark

former army officers whose 'Corps of Discovery' explored the central US in the early 1800s and gave the US a claim to the Oregon Country

impressment

term for the British practice of capturing British and American soldiers and forcing them to serve in the British navy

Jefferson's embargo

extremely unpopular 1807 legislation passed in response to British impressment which forbade the export of all American goods and forbade American ships to leave American ports

War Hawks

name for a group of southern and western Congressmen who called for war with Britain in 1811 to deal with 'the Indian problem' in the Northwest

Battle of New Orleans

battle fought in December 1814 / January 1815 which ensured continued American control of the Mississippi River Valley

Hartford Convention

1814 meeting of a New England coalition that proposed seven amendments to the constitution that would help to promote New England's political and economic interests and threatened secession if their demands were not met

Non-intercourse Act

1809 legislation which embargoed only French and British ships

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 legislation that reopened trade with Britain and France, but it provided that if either country agreed to respect American shipping, the US would cut off trade with the other

Hamilton's financial plan

included a bank of the US, excise tax on whiskey, funding at par (of bonds sold during Revolutionary War), assumption of state debts, and tariffs (taxes on imports) to promote manufacturing (remember: BEFAT), which northeastern merchant Federalist-types

tariff

a tax on imports that made imported manufactured goods more expensive than domestic goods, so manufacturing regions (like the northeast) supported them; agricultural regions (like the south and west) hated them because they'd rather just buy cheaper imported manufactured goods

broad construction

the idea that the federal government has extra powers that are implied by the Constitution--so Federalists liked this (makes sense because they want the federal government to have lots of power!)

strict construction

the idea that the federal government ONLY has the powers that are EXPLICITLY (out-and-out) stated in the Constitution--so Democratic-Republicans liked this (makes sense b/c they are about states' rights and this limits the pwr of fed. govt.)

Louisiana Purchase

doubled size of US and gave us access to the Mississippi

Battle of Tippecanoe

US forces led by William Henry Harrison defeated Shawnee Indians led by Tenskwatawa (Tecumseh's brother who led an alliance of Shawnee Indians and other tribes against the whites) on the Tippecanoe River and burned their villaged, causing Tenskwatawa to flee to Canada.

Spoils System

the filling of federal government jobs with persons loyal to the party of the president originated in Andrew Jackson's first term.

Tariff of 1828 (Abominations)

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator; Jackson's VP, advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Indian Removal Act

signed by President Andrew Jackson, this law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indian lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma (This paved the way for the trail of tears)

Force Bill

Issued by President Jackson because South Carolina nullified the Tariff of 1828. This authorized Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties.

The "Peculiar Institution"

Referring to slavery's continued existence in the South after Northern abolition

Silent Sabotage

slaves would do poor work, break tools, abuse animals, and disrupt the plantation routine

Underground Railroad

Operating in the decades before the Civil War, this was a system of routes and safe houses through which slaves were led to freedom in the North.

Harriet Tubman

The "Moses" of her people; Slave who escaped to Philadelphia in 1849 and spent the next ten years making trips back and forth to Maryland to lead her relatives and other slaves to freedom

Nat Turner

slave preacher, who led a slave uprising in Southampton County, Virginia in 1831; killed about 60 white persons; led to increased restrictions on slaves in the South due fears of future revolts.

Utopian Communities

Reform communities where small groups of men and women attempted to establish a more perfect order within the larger society

perfectionism

the idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated

temperance movement

a reform movement advocating the moderation in consumption of liquor

Common School

Tax-supported state schools open to all children

American Colonization Society

Organized in 1816 to encourage colonization of free blacks to Africa; West African nation of Liberia founded in 1822 to serve as a homeland for them

American Anti-Slavery Society

founded in 1833 to organize efforts devoted to abolition

Uncle Tom's Cabin

book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852; depicts the reality of slavery

Dorothea Dix

leading advocate of more humane treatment of the insane

Women's Suffrage

A woman's right to vote, an issue raised for the first time at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

US Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the Second Bank of the United States, supported the authority of the federal government versus the states

transcendentalism

Philosophy of a small group of mid-nineteenth century New England writers and thinkers, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller; they stressed personal and intellectual self-reliance

Antebellum

"Ante"=before
"bellum"=war
period before the Civil War in US History

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a specific section of the country (such as North or South) than to the entire country as a whole

Sojourner Truth

African American abolitionist who was also involved in the women's rights movement

William Lloyd Garrison

abolitionist who published "The Liberator"

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival movement of the early decades of the nineteenth century; social reform organizations were created as a result

Seneca Falls

First women's rights meeting and the beginning of the women's suffrage movement; issued a document outlying their concerns that modeled the declaration of independence

Slavery in the South

the majority of whites did not own slaves, but still supported slavery

Oneida Community

Utopian community founded in 1848; emphasized a communal lifestyle; practiced group marriage; leader was John Humphrey Noyes

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist Community in Massachussetts, populated by writers; attempt to establish a utopian community that benefited from intellectual pursuits and fruitful labor; emphasized a communal lifestyle

David Walker

wrote "An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" and was the founder of the Massachusetts General Colored Association; asserted that it was hypocritical for Christians to promote slavery and argued against plans for repatriation of African-Americans to Africa.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

stressed the importance of individual inspiration, self-reliance, dissent and nonconformity in his Transcendentalist writings

Mormons

founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith; Smith endorsed plural marriage; rejected the concept of original sin

Southern Economy

primarily agricultural; The south used slaves to grow cotton which tended to inhibit industrialization

Horace Mann

most influential spokesman for common school movement

Missouri Compromise

Resolved the slave/free state imbalance that would result from Missouri admission as a slave state; Maine would be admitted as a free state to offset Missouri; slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana territory north of the southern border of Missouri.

American System

plan to develop national self-sufficiency using tariffs and internal improvements; proposed by Henry Clay

Separate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics