APUSH CH 14 and Presidents

George Washington

elected 1788, no party

John Adams

elected 1796, Federalist Party

Thomas Jefferson

elected 1800, Democratic-Republican Party

James Madison

elected 1808, Democratic-Republican Party

James Monroe

elected 1816, Democratic-Republican Party

John Quincy Adams

elected 1824, Democratic-Republican Party

Andrew Jackson

elected 1828, Democratic Party

Martin Van Buren

elected 1836, Democratic Party

Second Great Awakening

a 19th-century religious revival movement that emphasized personal salvation and emotional conversion

Charles Finney

prominent American preacher and leader of the Second Great Awakening who is known for his role in the modern revivalist movement

Burned-Over District

refers to the intense religious revivals in early 19th-century western New York

Millerites

followers of William Miller, a Baptist preacher during the Second Great Awakening who predicted that the Second Coming of Christ would occur on October 22, 1844

Joseph Smith

founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormon Church) during the Second Great Awakening

Brigham Young (1846-1847)

Mormon leader who, from 1846 to 1847, led the massive migration of followers from Illinois to the Great Salt Lake Valley in present-day Utah

Mormons

Mormons were members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Faced lots of persecution and were forced to migrate West.

Horace Mann

key leader of the Common School Movement, advocating for free, tax-supported, non-sectarian public schools for all children

Emma Willard

pioneering American advocate for women's education and the founder of the Troy Female Seminary

Dorothea Dix

a 19th-century social reformer and advocate who championed the mentally ill, improving conditions in jails and asylums through her tireless lobbying of state legislatures

American Temperance Society, 1826

key organization of the temperance movement that promoted the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption through moral persuasion and the establishment of local chapters

Maine Law of 1851

first statewide prohibition law in the United States, banning the manufacture and sale of all alcoholic beverages

Lucretia Mott

Quaker, abolitionist, and social reformer known for her leadership in both the anti-slavery and women's rights movements in 19th-century America

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

a leading American suffragist who co-organized the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848

Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

the first women's rights convention in the U.S., held in Seneca Falls, New York

Robert Owen/New Harmony, 1825

short-lived utopian socialist community founded by British industrialist Robert Owen and his attempt to create a perfect, cooperative society based on communal labor, shared property, and educational reform.

Brook Farm, 1841

a utopian community in West Roxbury, MA, founded in 1841 by transcendentalist George Ripley, that aimed to create a society where intellectual and manual labor were combined through a communal, cooperative lifestyle

Oneida Community, 1848

a radical utopian society founded in 1848 in Oneida, New York, by John Humphrey Noyes

Shakers

a celibate, communal Christian sect founded by Ann Lee in England

John Audubon

French-American ornithologist and artist renowned for his detailed, life-sized paintings of North American birds

Hudson River School

a mid-19th century American art movement where landscape painters celebrated the natural beauty of the American wilderness, particularly the Hudson River Valley

Stephen Foster

19th-century American songwriter and composer known as the "father of American music"

Transcendentalism

a 19th-century American philosophical and literary movement that emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and intuition over tradition and established institutions

Ralph Waldo Emerson

19th-century American essayist, lecturer, and the central figure of the transcendentalist movement, which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and the importance of nature

"The American Scholar"

urged American intellectuals to break from European tradition and establish a distinct, independent American culture

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist author, naturalist, and philosopher known for his advocacy of social nonconformity and civil disobedience

Walt Whitman

an influential 19th-century American poet who revolutionized literature by writing in free verse and exploring themes of democracy, individualism, and nature. Marked transition from transcendentalism to realism

Margaret Fuller

19th-century journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American Transcendentalist movement

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

prominent 19th-century American poet associated with the Fireside Poets. Wrote Paul Revere's Ride and The Song of Hiawatha

Louisa May Alcott

19th-century American author and reformer best known for her novel Little Women.

Emily Dickinson

19th-century American poet who lived as a recluse but produced a revolutionary body of work

Edgar Allen Poe

an American writer known for his macabre short stories and poems, which explored themes of death, madness, and the supernatural

Nathaniel Hawthorne

19th-century American novelist and short story writer known for exploring themes of sin, guilt, and moral complexity, often through the lens of Puritan New England. Wrote the Scarlet Letter

Herman Melville

American writer (1819-1891) known for works like Moby Dick, which explored themes of obsession, good versus evil, and the dark side of human nature, and for works that drew from his experiences as a sailor