General properties of water

water in male

60%

water on females

50%

how much water is in blood

about 5 liters

how much water in extracellular fluid

about 19 liters (lymphatic fluid, interstitial fluid)

how much water in intracellular fluid

about 20 liters

how long can a person function without water

mentally and physically functional for 3 days

how long can a person last without water after 3 days

a person will pass out and may survive for 3-4 days in a non functional state

what is the total life expectancy without water

about 1 week max

osmosis

how water is retained and prevents any leakage

semi-permeable membrane

membrane has large pores that are large enough to permit water to move freely between sides and they will equalize.

hydration sells

layers of water tightly bound around each sugar molecule

what is the main extracelular osmotic ion

sodium (Na+)

what molecule keeps water outside of the cell

sodium

what diet is for lowering sodium

DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension)

what is the main intracellular ion

potassium (K+)

what molecule keeps water inside the cell

potassium

what counteracts the effect of sodium and contributes to lowering blood pressure

potassium

isotonic solution

the salt concentration remains the same, water is balanced so there is no movement, cell volume stays stable

hypotonic solution

less salt outside the cell than on the inside of the cell. water will flow into the cell which will then cause the cell to swell and may burst

hypertonic

there is more salt outside of the cell than the inside. water is pulled out of the cell making it shrink and posiblly die

other symptoms of dehydration

thirst, headaches, especially in seniors

urine color for normal hydration

lemonade color or lighter

urine color for dehydration

apple juice color

what can alter urine for hydration status

taking vitamin b supplements will turn the urine bright yello regardless of hydration status

what is the most accurate method of hydration level

weighing yourself before and after exertion

what is the main electrolyte that is lost during dehydration

sodium

what is recommended for diarrhea recovery

brat diet (bananas, rice, applesauce, toast)

who is at risk of dehydration

seniors- weekend thrist response

diabetics- high glucose leads to water loss in the urine

diarrhea sufferers- massive water loss

infants- small body size means small water reserve

alcohol users- alcohol is diuretic, hangover headaches come from dehydration

marathon runners- sodium loss

edema

when water collects abnormally between body parts, swelling

most edemas cannot be treated with nutrition, except some kidney related edema with what kind of diet

low protein diets to reduce urea buildup

mild edema

in adults over 50 (sock or sandal imprint marks) can be a sign of heart or kidney trouble

aldosterone

hormone secreted by the adrenal glands and its function is to help the kidneys retain sodium and wherever sodium goes water follow.

sodium retention can cause water to be retained, increasing blood volume and pressure

aldosterone cause the body to excrete potassium

ADH ( antidiuretic hormone)

also called vasopressin and it is released by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration or low blood pressure

signals to the kidney to absorb water

reduces urine volume and helps restore blood pressure and hydration levels

abnormally low blood sodium concentration is known as

hyponatremia

intravenous injections are how

isotonic

what is the term for the pressure that develops when two solutions of varying concentration are separated by a membrane

osmotic pressure

which organ does water management

the colon

an average person will survive without water for how long

7 days

what is the correct charge distribution across the cell membrane

the outside is positive and the inside is negative