AP2 BIO 2640 Exam 4 (Ch24,25) Ramy OCC Southfield

List two groups of organs that compose the digestive system. (24s2)

1. Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract or Alimentary canal

2. Accessory Digestive Organs

What is included in the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract or Alimentary canal? (24s2)

1. Mouth

2. most of the pharynx

3. Esophagus

4. stomach

5+6. small + large intestine

What is included in the Accessory Digestive Organs? (24s2)

1. Teeth

2. Tongue

3. Salivary glands

4. liver

5. Gallbladder

6. Pancreas

Be able to match the terms on slide 3 in chapter 24!

Memorize slide 3 in 24 for matching.

Name the 6 functions of the digestive system. (24s4)

1. Ingestion

2. Secretion

3. Mixing and propulsion

4. Digestion

5. Absorption

6. Defecation

Name the layers of the GI tract from inner to outer. (24s7)

1. Inner: Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis

4. Outer: Serosa

Which gives you major control of GI tract motility? (24s6)

Myenteric plexus

When talking about the Peritoneum, what is the Serosa called? (24s6)

Visceral Peritoneum

The esophagus lacks a serosa but has ... (24s6)

adventitia

Layers of the GI Tract Memorize image slide 7, it will be matching on the exam

Memorize and match!

If an incision is made in the small intestine what layer do you cut into first? (24s7)

Serosa

What is the largest serous membrane of the body? (24s9)

Peritoneum

Salivary glands make? (24s10)

Saliva

What is the # of permanent teeth? (24s13)

32

In the formula 2, 1, 2, 3, each number stands for what? (24L)

2- incisors, 1- canine, 2- premolars, 3-molars

A cut in the lingual frenulum is a cut in the... (24L)

a. Stomach b. Small intestine c. Tongue d. Skin

tongue

What are the two types of digestion in the mouth? (24S17)

1. Mechanical

- Chewing (mastication)

-forms bolus

2. Chemical

- Salivary Amylase

-Lingual Lipase

What is bolus? (24L)

Food after it has entered the mouth and mixed with saliva

Salivary Amylase (24s17)

-Part of chemical digestion

-secreted by the salivary glands

-acts on starches by changing it to maltose (only monosacchrides can be absorbed)

-is active until it reaches the stomach acid

Lingual Lipase (24s17)

-secreted by lingual glands of the tongue

-digests triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides

-becomes active in the acidic environment of the stomach

3 sections of the Pharynx (24s18)

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

Function of the esophagus (24s19)

Secretes mucous and transports bolus (no enzymes, no absorption)

Layers of the esophagus (24s19)

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis

4. Adventitia

Deglutition (24s23)

Swallowing

3 stages of deglutition (24s23)

1. Buccal (Voluntary) - bolus passes oropharynx

2. Pharyngeal (involuntary) - through pharynx into esophagus

3. Esophageal (involuntary) - through esophagus to stomach - uses peristalsis (pushes bolus forward)

T or F The body is the smallest region in the stomach. (24s26)

False - its the largest

What are the fold in the stomach called when its empty? (24s26)

Rugae

Mucosa of the stomach has 3 types of exocrine gland cells (24s26)

1. Mucous neck cells - produce mucus

2. Parietal cells - produce Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

3. Chief cells - produce enzyme (pepsinogen & gastric lipase)

Endocrine cell type in stomach mucosa(24s26)

G Cell - secretes gastrin (hormone) to increase stomach motility and growth of glands

Layers of the stomach (24s26)

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Muscularis - oblique layer unique to stomach

4. Serosa

Chyme (24s29L)

Juice (bolus after its entered the stomach and been broken down)

Where does protein digestions start? (24L)

The stomach

Parietal cells in the stomach make.. (24S29)

H+ and Cl- which make hydrochloric acid which kills microbes(fight infection) and denatures proteins

Is pepsin or pepsinogen active? (24L)

pepsin

Which enzyme digests proteins? (24s30)

Pepsin

Gastric lipase (24s30)

splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Chemical digestion absorbs a __ amount of nutrients including (24s30)

small; h20, ions, certain drugs and alcohol

3 phases of digestion (24s31)

1. Cephalic - prepares mouth and stomach for food to be eaten

2. Gastric - neural and hormonal mechanisms promote gastric secretion and motility(GCell) - Acetylcholine (ach) is a neurotransmitter released to activate stomach secretion of HCl when stomach stretches

3. Intestinal -begins when chyme enters small intestines, slows the exit of chyme from small intestines, stimulates flow of bile and pancreatic juice

Pancreas has (24s33)

99% exocrine & 1% endocrine cells.

Exocrine cells of the pancreas secrete... (24s33)

pancreatic juice- mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes

Endocrine cells of the pancreas secrete... (24s33)

hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide

Where does pancreatic juice go after being secreted from the pancreas? (24s33)

pancreatic duct and accessory duct then to the small intestines.

What organ makes bile? Does the same organ store bile? (24s36)

Lives produces bile, gallbladder stores bile

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins - which of the following would help in digesting all of these types? (24s35)

a. stomach b. mouth c. pancreas d. gallbladder

Pancreas

functions of pancreatic juice components (24s35)

1. Sodium bicarbonate

2. Pancreatic Amylase

3. Proteolytic enzymes

4. Pancreatic Lipase

5. Ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease

1. buffers/neutralizes stomach acid

2. carbs/starch/sugar breakdown

3. protein breakdown

4. fat breakdown

5. RNA & DNA breakdown

What is the most versatile gland? (24L)

Pancreas

What are the largest and second largest organs in the body? (24L)

Skin followed by liver

What is the heaviest gland of the body? (24s36)

Liver

What are the major functioning cells of the liver? (24s36)

Hepatocytes

What type of cell makes bile? (24s36)

Hepatocytes

Liver secretions dump into which duct? (24s34)

common hepatic duct

Gallbladder secretions dump into which duct? (24s41)

Cystic duct

The cystic duct and the common hepatic duct join to make the...

common bile duct which dumps into the small intestine .

What is the largest lobe of the liver?

Right lobe

How many lobes does the liver have? (24s36)

4; left, right, caudate, quadrate

What type of muscle makes up the gallbladder? (24s41)

smooth muscle

What 5 things make up bile? (24s41)

bile salts, cholesterol, bile pigments, phospholipids and electrolytes (+ water?? s42)

What is the function of the gallbladder? (24s41)

To store and concentrate bile

What is emulsification? (24s42)

Process of breaking large (fat droplets) into small

What is the principle bile pigment? (24s42)

Bilirubin

Most digestion & absorption occurs in the? (24s43)

Small intestine

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine? (24s43)

Duodenum (10in), jejunum (8ft), ileum (12ft)

What is the largest region of the small intestine? (24L)

Ileum @ 12ft

Small intestine has the same 4 layers..

1. Mucosa (5 cell types)

a. Absorptive cells b. goblet cells c. intestinal glands (intestinal juice) d. paneth cells (lysozyme - breaks down bacterial cell wall) e. enteroendocrine cells (hormones)

2. Submucosa

Duodenum glands secrete alkaline mucus

3. Muscularis

4. Serosa

what helps to increase the surface area in the small intestines?

1. Circular folds (pilcae circularis) causing chyme to spiral to digest more

2. Villi

3. Microvilli (brush border)

Mechanical digestion is controlled by.. (24s48)

myenteric plexis aka nerve supply

2 types of mechanical digestion.. (24s48)

1. Segmentation (milking) - bringing chyme in contact with mucosa for absorption

2. Migrating motility complexes (MMC) (rumbling contractions)

type of peristalsis that begins in the lower portion of the stomach and pushes chyme forward.

Chemical digestion of .. (24s49&50)

1. Carbohydrates - Pancreatic amylase creates monosacchrides.

2. Proteins - Trypsin, chymotrypsin ends with amino acids.

3. Lipids - Pancreatic lipase ends breaks it into fatty acids and glycerol.

4. Nucleic Acids -Deoxyribonuclease ends in nucleotides.

Monosacchrides are absorbed by (24s51)

facilitated diffusion or active transport

Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides (proteins) are absorbed by ... (24s51)

active transport

Lipids are absorbed by.. (24s52)

simple diffusion

Electrolytes are absorbed by ... (24s53)

active transport

Vitamins are absorbed by.. (24s53)

simple diffusion

Water is absorbed by.. (24s53)

osmosis

What is the function of the large intestine?

Complete absorption and form and expel feces.

List the 4 regions of the large intestine (24s54)

1. Cecum

2. Colon

3. Rectum

4. Anal Canal

What is between the ilium (small intestine) and the cecum (large intestine)?

Ileocecal sphincter

The fours subdivions of the large intestine (24s54)

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

The internal anal sphincter is made up of.. (24s54)

smooth muscles

The external anal sphincter is made up of ... (24s54)

skeletal muscles

How do we digest in the large intestine? (24s57)

Bacteria

Haustral (24s57)

pouches that churn to help in mechanical digestion.

Metabolism (25s2)

All chemical reactions occurring in the body.

Catabolism (25s2)

break down. It's exergonic meaning it releases energy.

Anabolism (25s2)

Combines simple molecules into complex ones (build up!)

It's endergonic meaning it requires energy

ATP (25s2)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

energy currency

Oxidation(25s3)

removal of electrons

decrease in potential energy

Reduction (25s3)

addition of electrons

increase in potential energy

What is the simplest family to use for energy? (25L)

Carbohydrates

Where is glycogen stored? (25L)

the liver and muscles.

How is glycogen made? (25s4)

Glycogenesis - converts glucose to glycogen

Lipogenesis (25s4)

converts glucose into fatty acids and glycerol to build fats.

T or F: Cellular respiration happens in all cells? (25s5)

False, all cells EXCEPT erythrocytes (RBC's) because they have no mitochondria

4 steps of cellular respiration (25s5)

1. Glycolysis

2. Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

3. Kreb's cycle

4. Electron transport chain

Where does glycolysis happen? (25s7)

cytoplasm

What is the product of glycolysis? (25s7)

1. Net of 2 ATP (4 made but 2 consumed in the process) 2. 2 Pyruvate

If you had a defective Mitochondria which of the 4 steps would be unaffected? (25L)

Glycolysis

Which step is considered the "grooming" step (25L)

Formation of acetyl coenzyme A

What is the product of the Krebs Cycle? (25s11)

2 ATP & CO2

Where does the Krebs cycle occur? (25s11)

The matrix of the mitochondria