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It can detect and kill invaders before other defenses.
A network of interacting pattern-recognition proteins, proteases, serum proteins, receptors, and regulators that kills invaders fast.
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or byantigen-bound antibodies
Activated by the presence of either — .
activated by microbial carbohydrates
Trigger innate response
Activated by antibodies
Adaptive immune response
5 % to 10 % of the proteins in the blood serum
C3, C6, C8 and FB are made in the liver
C2, C3, C4, C5, FB, FD, FP, FI are synthesized in themacrophages.
C1q – neutrophils
C6 and C7 - neutrophil granules
C1 to C9– number indicating their order ofdiscovery.
C1 to C4- classical pathway of complement activation, triggered by antigen-antibody complexes
C5 to C9- formation of membrane attackedcomplex (MAC) which functions targeting lysingcells.
anaphylatoxin
cleaved product a
binding protein
cleaved product b
C2
exception for cleaved product a and b
fragments complex
what forms enzymes
Cfourb2a
C3b convertase
Factor H and Factor I – regulate complementactivity, degrades C3b to prevent excessivecomplement activation.
CD55 CD59: (Decay-accelerating protect host cells factor, DAF) andfrom complementmediated damage by inhibiting the formation ofthe MA
Activated by antigen- complexesantibody
initiation
C1 activation
Cfour and C2 cleavage
Formation of C3 convertase
Amplification of the cascade
Opsonization
Inflammation
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) formation
Classical Pathway Steps
started when the C1 complex attaches itselfto antigen-antibody complexes / immunecomplexes, which are created whenantibodies attach to and detect particularantigens on the surface of pathogens likebacteria or viruses.
C1 complex ; antigen-antibody complexes/immunecomplexes
started when the — attaches itself to —, which are created when antibodies attach to and detect particular antigens on the surface of pathogens likebacteria or viruses.
C1q , C1r, and C1s are the three subcomponents that make up the C1 complex
C1q , C1r, and C1s
— are the three subcomponents that make up the C1 complex
The related serine proteases, C1r and C1s,are activated when C1q experiences aconformational shift and attaches to the Fcregion of IgM or IgG antibodies that arelinked to antigens.
serine proteases, C1r and C1s
The related — ,are activated when C1q experiences aconformational shift and attaches to the Fcregion of IgM or IgG antibodies that arelinked to antigens.
C1q ; conformational shift
The related serine proteases, C1r and C1s,are activated when — experiences a — and attaches to the Fcregion of IgM or IgG antibodies that are linked to antigens.
Fc region ; IgM or IgG antibodies
The related serine proteases, C1r and C1s,are activated when C1q experiences aconformational shift and attaches to the — of — that are linked to antigens.
Following their activation, C1s cleaves C4and C2, starting the complement activationcascade
Cfour and C2
Following their activation, C1s cleaves —, starting the complement activation cascade
complement activation cascade
Following their activation, C1s cleaves C4and C2, starting the —
C1s ; carbon four
Anaphylatoxin C4a and C4b are produced when activated — cleave —
C4b
adheres covalently to the pathogen's surface as well as the surface of adjacent host cells.
active C1s
C2a and C2b are created when — cleave C2.
The traditional pathway C3 convertase, alsoknown as C4b2a, is formed via interactionsbetween the C4b fragment attached to thepathogen surface and C2a.
Cfourb ; pathogen surface ; C2a
The traditional pathway C3 convertase, also known as C4b2a, is formed via interactions between the — fragment attached to the — and —
When this enzyme complex binds to thesurface of the pathogen, it can cleave C3 intoC3a and C3b.
surface of the pathogen ; C3
When this enzyme complex binds to the — , it can cleave — intoC3a and C3b.
The complement cascade can be amplifiedby C3b, which is produced by theconventional pathway C3 convertase andcan bind covalently to adjacent surfaces.
C3b ; covalently ; adjacent
The complement cascade can be amplified by —, which is produced by the conventional pathway C3 convertase and can bind — to — surfaces.
More C3 convertases are produced as aresult, and C3 is further broken down intoC3a and C3b.
C3 convertases
More — are produced as aresult, and C3 is further broken down intoC3a and C3b.
Opsonization- As an opsonin, C3b helpsphagocytes better engulf the pathogen forphagocytosis.
C3b
Opsonization- As an opsonin, — helpsphagocytes better engulf the pathogen forphagocytosis.
Inflammation- Furthermore, C3a and C5afunction as strong anaphylatoxins, drawingimmune cells to the infection site andcausing inflammation.
C3a and C5a
Inflammation- Furthermore, — function as strong anaphylatoxins, drawingimmune cells to the infection site andcausing inflammation.
Formation of Membrane attack complex - the pathogen's cell membrane is lysed asa result of the membrane attack complex(MAC) synthesis, which is started by thebinding of C5b to C3b.
lyes ; membrane attack complex (MAC) synthesis
Formation of Membrane attack complexthe pathogen's cell membrane is — asa result of the —, which is started by thebinding of C5b to C3b.
C5b to C3b
Formation of Membrane attack complexthe pathogen's cell membrane is lysed asa result of the membrane attack complex(MAC) synthesis, which is started by thebinding of —
Antigen–antibody complex (usually IgG or IgM)
trigger
Antigen–antibody complex (usually IgG or IgM)
Initiates the classical pathway
C5b,C6, C7, C8, and multiple C9s
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) formed by —
C3b ; C3a, C5a ; C5b-9
— : Opsonization
— : Anaphylatoxins(inflammation)
— : Cell lysis